Exploring Psychology

About this Book
	Cover Page
	Inside Front Cover
	Title Page
	Copyright Page
	Dedication Page
	About the Author
	Brief Contents
	Contents
	Instructor Preface
	In Appreciation
	Student Preface
Chapter 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
	The History and Scope of Psychology
		Psychology is a science
		Critical thinking
		Thinking Critically About The Scientific Attitude
		Psychological science is born
		Psychological science matures
		Contemporary psychology
		Review: The History and Scope of Psychology
	Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions
		The need for psychological science
		Psychological science in a post-truth world
		The scientific method
		Thinking Critically About Correlation and Causation
		Psychology’s research ethics
		Use psychology to become a stronger person—and a better student
		Review: Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions
Chapter 2 The Biology of Behavior
	Neural and Hormonal Systems
		Biology, behavior, and mind
		The power of plasticity
		Neural communication
		The nervous system
		The endocrine system
		Review: Neural and Hormonal Systems
	Tools of Discovery, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System
		The tools of discovery: having our head examined
		Older brain structures
		The limbic system
		Review: Tools of Discovery, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System
	The Cerebral Cortex
		Structure of the cortex
		Functions of the cortex
		Thinking Critically About Using More Than 10 Percent of Our Brain
		Responses to damage
		The divided brain
		Review: The Cerebral Cortex
	Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior
		Behavior genetics: predicting individual differences
		Evolutionary psychology: understanding human nature
		Review: Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior
Chapter 3 Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind
	Consciousness: Some Basic Concepts
		Defining consciousness
		Cognitive neuroscience
		Selective attention
		Dual processing: the two-track mind
		Review: Consciousness: Some Basic Concepts
	Sleep and Dreams
		Biological rhythms and sleep
		Why do we sleep?
		Sleep deprivation and sleep disorders
		Dreams
		Review: Sleep and Dreams
	Drugs and Consciousness
		Tolerance and addiction in substance use disorders
		Thinking Critically About Tolerance and Addiction
		Types of psychoactive drugs
		Influences on drug use
		Review: Drugs and Consciousness
Chapter 4 Developing Through the Life Span
	Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn
		Developmental psychology’s major issues
		Prenatal development and the newborn
		Review: Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn
	Infancy and Childhood
		Physical development
		Cognitive development
		Social development
		Thinking Critically About Parenting Styles
		Review: Infancy and Childhood
	Adolescence
		Physical development
		Cognitive development
		Social development
		Emerging adulthood
		Review: Adolescence
	Adulthood
		Physical development
		Cognitive development
		Social development
		Review: Adulthood
Chapter 5 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
	Gender Development
		How Are We Alike? How Do We Differ?
		Thinking Critically About Gender Bias in the Workplace
		The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex
		The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture and Experiences
		Thinking Critically About Sexual Aggression
		Review: Gender Development
	Human Sexuality
		The Physiology of Sex
		The Psychology of Sex
		Sexual Orientation
		An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality
		Sex and Human Relationships
		Reflections on the Nature and Nurture of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
		Review: Human Sexuality
Chapter 6 Sensation and Perception
	Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception
		Processing Sensations and Perceptions
		Transduction
		Thresholds
		Thinking Critically About Subliminal Sensation and Subliminal Persuasion
		Sensory Adaptation
		Perceptual Set
		Context, Motivation, and Emotion
		Review: Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception
	Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing
		Light Energy and Eye Structures
		Information Processing in the Eye and Brain
		Perceptual Organization
		Perceptual Interpretation
		Review: Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing
	The Nonvisual Senses
		Hearing
		The Other Senses
		Sensory Interaction
		Esp—Perception without Sensation?
		Review: The Nonvisual Senses
Chapter 7 Learning
	Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning
		How do we Learn?
		Classical Conditioning
		Review: Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning
	Operant Conditioning
		Skinner’s Experiments
		Skinner’s Legacy
		Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
		Review: Operant Conditioning
	Biology, Cognition, and Learning
		Biological Constraints on Conditioning
		Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning
		Learning by Observation
		Thinking Critically About The Effects of Viewing Media Violence
		Review: Biology, Cognition, and Learning
Chapter 8 Memory
	Studying and Encoding Memories
		Studying Memory
		Encoding Memories
		Review: Studying and Encoding Memories
	Storing and Retrieving Memories
		Memory Storage
		Memory Retrieval
		Review: Storing and Retrieving Memories
	Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory
		Forgetting
		Memory Construction Errors
		Thinking Critically About Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered?
		Improving Memory
		Review: Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory
Chapter 9 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
	Thinking
		Concepts
		Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles
		Forming Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments
		Thinking Critically About The Fear Factor
		Thinking Creatively
		Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills?
		Review: Thinking
	Language and Thought
		Language Structure
		Language Acquisition and Development
		The Brain and Language
		Do Other Species Have Language?
		Thinking and Language
		Review: Language and Thought
	Intelligence and Its Assessment
		What Is Intelligence?
		Assessing Intelligence
		Intelligence Across the Life Span
		Thinking Critically About Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies
		Review: Intelligence and Its Assessment
	Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
		Heredity and Intelligence
		Environment and Intelligence
		Gene-environment Interactions
		Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
		the Question of Bias
		Review: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion
	Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement
		Motivational Concepts
		The Need to Belong
		Achievement Motivation
		Review: Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement
	Hunger
		The Physiology of Hunger
		The Psychology of Hunger
		Thinking Critically About The Challenges of Obesity and Weight Control
		Review: Hunger
	Theories and Physiology of Emotion
		Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition
		Embodied Emotion
		Thinking Critically About Lie Detection
		Review: Theories and Physiology of Emotion
	Expressing and Experiencing Emotion
		Detecting Emotion in Others
		Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
		Culture and Emotion
		The Effects of Facial Expressions
		Review: Expressing and Experiencing Emotion
Chapter 11 Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing
	Stress and Illness
		Stress: Some Basic Concepts
		Stress and Vulnerability to Disease
		Thinking Critically About Stress and Health
		Review: Stress and Illness
	Health and Happiness
		Coping With Stress
		Reducing Stress
		Happiness
		Review: Health and Happiness
Chapter 12 Social Psychology
	Social Thinking and Social Influence
		Social Thinking
		Social Influence
		Thinking Critically About The Internet as Social Amplifier
		Review: Social Thinking and Social Influence
	Antisocial Relations
		Prejudice
		Aggression
		Review: Antisocial Relations
	Prosocial Relations
		Attraction
		Altruism
		From Conflict to Peace
		Review: Prosocial Relations
Chapter 13 Personality
	Classic Perspectives on Personality
		What Is Personality?
		Psychodynamic Theories
		Humanistic Theories
		Review: Classic Perspectives on Personality
	Contemporary Perspectives on Personality
		Trait Theories
		Thinking Critically About The Stigma of Introversion
		Social-Cognitive Theories
		Exploring the Self
		Review: Contemporary Perspectives on Personality
Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders
	Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders
		Understanding Psychological Disorders
		Classifying Disorders–and Labeling People
		Thinking Critically About ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?
		Risk of Harm to Self and Others
		Rates of Psychological Disorders
		Review: Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders
	Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD
		Anxiety Disorders
		Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
		Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD
		Review: Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD
	Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
		Major Depressive Disorder
		Bipolar Disorder
		Understanding Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
		Review: Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
	Schizophrenia and Other Disorders
		Schizophrenia
		Other Disorders
		Review: Schizophrenia and Other Disorders
Chapter 15 Therapy
	Introduction to Therapy and the Psychological Therapies
		Treating Psychological Disorders
		Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies
		Humanistic Therapies
		Behavior Therapies
		Cognitive Therapies
		Group and Family Therapies
		Review: Introduction to Therapy and the Psychological Therapies
	Evaluating Psychotherapies
		Is Psychotherapy Effective?
		Which Psychotherapies Work Best?
		Evaluating Alternative Therapies
		How Do Psychotherapies Help People?
		Culture and Values in Psychotherapy
		Finding a Mental Health Professional
		Review: Evaluating Psychotherapies
	The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders
		Thinking Critically About Therapeutic Lifestyle Change
		Drug Therapies
		Brain Stimulation
		Psychosurgery
		Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience
		Review: The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders
Appendix A Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
	Describing Data
		Measures of Central Tendency
		Measures of Variation
		Correlation: A Measure of Relationships
	Significant Differences
		When Is an Observed Difference Reliable?
		When Is an Observed Difference Significant?
	Review: Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
Appendix B Psychology at Work
	Work and Life Satisfaction
		Flow at Work
		Finding Your Own Flow, and Matching Interests to Work
	Industrial-Organizational Psychology
	Personnel Psychology
		Using Strengths for Successful Selection
		Do Interviews Predict Performance?
		Appraising Performance
	Organizational Psychology
		Satisfaction and Engagement at Work
		Effective Leadership
	Human Factors Psychology
	Review: Psychology at Work
Appendix C Career Fields in Psychology, by Jennifer Zwolinski
Appendix D Complete Chapter Reviews
Appendix E Answers to Retrieve It and Experience the Testing Effect Questions
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Notes
Back Cover