Experimentation in the Sciences: Comparative and Long-Term Historical Research on Experimental Practice

Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: The Characteristics and Diversity of Experimentation in the Sciences
	Bibliography
Chapter 2: Experimentation in Physics
	2.1 Different Types of Theories
	2.2 Observation
		2.2.1 Limited Reproducibility of Observations
	2.3 Different Types of Experimentation
		2.3.1 Difficulties of Experimentation
		2.3.2 Experimentation Regress
	2.4 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 3: Experimentation in Chemistry
	3.1 Objects of Chemistry and Experimentation
	3.2 Experimenting in a Situation of Dependence on Environments
		3.2.1 Dependence on Environments of Substances and Chemical Transformations
		3.2.2 The Difficulties of Experimentation Linked to the Dependence on the Environment
	3.3 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 4: Experimentation in the Life Sciences
	4.1 Experimenting in the Classical Age. The Demonstration of Blood Circulation
	4.2 The ``Elasticity´´ of the Vital, the Concept of the Internal Milieu and the Constitution of Physiology as an Experimental ...
	4.3 Mechanism Reivented: Experimentally Dismantling Molecular Mechanics
	4.4 Two Types of Biology, Two Forms of Experimental Reasoning: Historical and Evolutionary Reasoning as a Hypothetico-Deductiv...
	4.5 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 5: Experimentation in Psychology
	5.1 The First Uses of Experimentation
	5.2 From Observation to Experimentation
		5.2.1 Observation
		5.2.2 The Need to Move to Experimentation
	5.3 Silencing the Noise to Hear the Cause
	5.4 Manipulation as a Form of Proof
	5.5 Limitations and Adjustments of the Experimental Method
		5.5.1 The Test of an Indivisible Totality
			5.5.1.1 Psychic Functioning as a Probabilistic Dynamic System
			5.5.1.2 Methodological Implications for Data Modeling
		5.5.2 The Test of Individual Differences
		5.5.3 The Test of Singularity
	5.6 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 6: Experimentation in Sociology
	6.1 Forms of Experimentation in Sociology
		6.1.1 Social Experiments
		6.1.2 Opinion Polls: Experimentation or Observation?
		6.1.3 Indirect Experimentation
		6.1.4 Quasi-Experimentation
		6.1.5 Controlled Experimentation
		6.1.6 Laboratory Experimentation
	6.2 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 7: Experimentation in Economics
	7.1 A Short History of Experimental Economics
	7.2 Principles and Practices of Experimental Economics
	7.3 Laboratory Experiments and Field Experiments: Two Examples
	7.4 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 8: Experimentation in Management Science
	8.1 The Context of Management Science Research
		8.1.1 Management Sciences: A ``Pre-science´´ in Perpetual Evolution
		8.1.2 A Knowledge Project around Management Devices and the Imperative of Application
	8.2 The Place of Experimentation in Management Science
		8.2.1 Laboratory Experimentation in Management
		8.2.2 Field Experimentation in Management
	8.3 An Experimental Continuum
		8.3.1 Qualification of the Continuum of Experimentation in Management Sciences
		8.3.2 Difficulties and Biases in Management Experimentation
	8.4 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 9: Experimentation in Medicine
	9.1 Experimentation as a Clinical Practice
	9.2 Experimentation as a Test of a New Treatment
	9.3 Experimentation as a Methodical Comparative Test
		9.3.1 Experimentation in the Empiricist and Numerical Tradition
		9.3.2 Experimentation and Laboratory Medicine
		9.3.3 Randomized Controlled Trials
	9.4 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 10: The Medical Clinic as an Experimental Practice
	10.1 Experimental Medicine
		10.1.1 The Clinic as an Experimental Practice
		10.1.2 Observation and/or Experimentation?
	10.2 Typology and Criteria of Experimentation
	10.3 Methodological Difficulties
	10.4 Ethical and Political Problems
	10.5 Bias of Clinical Experimentation
	10.6 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 11: Experimentation in Archaeology
	11.1 ``Experimenting´´ in Archaeology. A Brief History of a Method
	11.2 A Return to ``Experimentation´´
		11.2.1 The GYPTIS, a Sailing Replica of a Ship of the Sixth Century BCE
		11.2.2 A Pompeian Oven at Saint-Romain-en-Gal (France, 69)
		11.2.3 Cutting and Butchering - D. Coupes Project
		11.2.4 Excavation of an Experimental Cooking Space for Ceramics - Bélesta (France, 09)
	11.3 Understanding Archaeological ``Experiments´´
	11.4 Conclusion
	Bibliography