Experimental Techniques in Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Cover
Experimental Techniques in Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Part I Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
	1 A Short History of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
		Bibliography
	2 Role of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials in Modern Society
		Bibliography
Part II Basic Phenomenology of Magnetism
	3 Magnetic Moment and the Effect of Crystal Environment
		3.1 Magnetic Moment and Magnetization
			3.1.1 Magnetic Moment
			3.1.2 Magnetization
		3.2 Classical Electromagnetism, Magnetic Moment, and Angular Momentum
		3.3 Precession of Magnetic Moment
		3.4 Magnetization, Magnetic Field, and Magnetic Susceptibility
		3.5 Orbital and Spin Angular Momentum of Electron and Magnetic Moment
		3.6 Magnetism of Isolated Atoms and Ions
		3.7 Diamagnetism
		3.8 Paramagnetism
			3.8.1 Classical theory of paramagnetism
			3.8.2 Quantum theory of paramagnetism
			3.8.3 van Vleck paramagnetism
		3.9 Ground State of Ions and Hund’s Rules
			3.9.1 Fine structure
			3.9.2 Hund’s rules
			3.9.3 Russel–Saunders coupling versus j – j coupling
		3.10 Effect of Crystal Environment on Magnetic Ions
			3.10.1 Crystal fields and their origin
			3.10.2 Quenching of orbitals
			3.10.3 Jahn–Teller effect
	4 Exchange Interactions and Magnetism in Solids
		4.1 Coupling between Spins
		4.2 Origin of Exchange Interactions
		4.3 Physical Meaning of Exchange Energy
		4.4 Direct Exchange
		4.5 Indirect Exchange in Insulating Solids
			4.5.1 Superexchange
			4.5.2 Double exchange
			4.5.3 Anisotropic exchange interaction: Dzyaloshinski–Moriya interaction
		4.6 Indirect Exchange in Metals
	5 Magnetically Ordered States in Solids
		5.1 Ferromagnetism
			5.1.1 Magnetic susceptibility in a ferromagnet
		5.2 Antiferromagnetism
			5.2.1 Magnetic susceptibility in an antiferromagnet
		5.3 Ferrimagnetism
		5.4 Helical Magnetic Order
		5.5 Spin-Glass Order
		5.6 Spin Waves in Ferromagnets
		5.7 Domains and Domain Wall
		5.8 Magnetic Skyrmion
		5.9 Magnetic Anisotropy
		5.10 Magnetization Process in Ferromagnets
		Bibliography
Part III Experimental Techniques in Magnetism
	6 Conventional Magnetometry
		6.1 Force Method
			6.1.1 Gouy and Faraday balance
			6.1.2 Alternating gradient magnetometer
			6.1.3 Cantilever beam magnetometer
		6.2 Induction Method
			6.2.1 Vibrating sample magnetometer
			6.2.2 Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer
			6.2.3 SQUID-VSM
			6.2.4 Extraction magnetometer
		6.3 AC Susceptibility
		6.4 Summary
		Bibliography
	7 Magnetic Resonance and Relaxation
		7.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
			Experimental details of NMR
			Experimental techniques to measure spin–spin relaxation time
			Experimental techniques to measure spin–lattice relaxation time
			Information obtained from NMR experiments
		7.2 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
			Principles of EPR and experimental details
			EPR lineshape and relaxation phenomena
			Spin-Hamiltonian in EPR experiments
		7.3 Ferromagnetic Resonance
			Principles of FMR and experimental details
			FMR lineshape and relaxation phenomena
		7.4 Muon Spin Rotation
			Muon spin rotation (μSR) experiment
			Muons and the study of magnetism
		7.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
		7.6 Summary
		Bibliography
	8 Optical Methods
		8.1 Magneto-optical Effects
			8.1.1 Principles of magneto-optical effects
			8.1.2 Experimental methods
		8.2 Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy
			8.2.1 Principle of scanning near-field optical microscope
			8.2.2 Magneto-optical measurement using scanning near-field optical microscope
		8.3 Brillouin Light Scattering
			8.3.1 Principles of Brillouin light scattering
			8.3.2 Experimental method for Brillouin light scattering
		8.4 Summary
		Bibliography
	9 Neutron Scattering
		9.1 Neutron Sources and Neutron Scattering Facilities
			Reactor-based neutron source
			Spallation neutron source
		9.2 Basics of Neutron Scattering
			9.2.1 Neutron cross sections
			9.2.2 Conservation of energy and momentum
			9.2.3 Master formula for neutron scattering
			9.2.4 Nuclear scattering
			9.2.5 Magnetic scattering
			9.2.6 Classification of magnetic structures
				Commensurate magnetic structures
				Incommensurate magnetic structures
		9.3 Neutron Scattering Experiments
			Identification of the signal of magnetic origin
			9.3.1 Neutron powder diffraction
		9.4 Single-Crystal Experiments
		9.5 Polarized Neutron Scattering
		9.6 Magnetic Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
		9.7 Inelastic Neutron Scattering
			Direct geometry time-of-flight technique
			Backscattering crystal analyzer
			The Energy Range 0–1000 meV and Magnetic Excitations
			Spectrometers for coherent spectroscopy
			Spectrometers for incoherent spectroscopy
		9.8 Polarized Neutron Reflectometry
		9.9 Summary
		Bibliography
	10 X-ray Scattering
		10.1 Magnetic and Resonant X-ray Diffraction
			10.1.1 Classical formalism of magnetic X-ray scattering
			10.1.2 Quantum mechanical theory of magnetic and resonant X-ray scattering
				Non-resonant X-ray scattering
			10.1.3 Resonant X-ray scattering
			10.1.4 X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and X-ray magnetic linear dichroism
		10.2 Summary
		Bibliography
	11 Microscopic Magnetic Imaging Techniques
		11.1 Electron-Optical Methods
			11.1.1 Scanning electron microscopy
				Spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy
				Spin-polarized low energy electron microscopy
			11.1.2 Transmission electron microscopy
				Magnetic structure imaging by TEM
				Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
				Fresnel and Foucault modes of imaging
				Low angle electron diffraction
				Differential phase contrast microscopy
				Electron holography
		11.2 Imaging with Scanning Probes
			11.2.1 Magnetic force microscopy
			11.2.2 Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy
			11.2.3 Scanning Hall probe and scanning SQUID microscopy
		11.3 Magnetic Imaging Using Synchrotron Radiation Sources
			11.3.1 Scanning X-ray microscopy
			11.3.2 Transmission X-ray microscopy
			11.3.3 X-ray photoelectron microscopy
		11.4 Summary
		Bibliography
	12 Nano-Scale Magnetometry with Nitrogen Vacancy Centre
		12.1 Physics of the Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) Centre in Diamond
		12.2 A Brief Introduction to the Principle of NV Magnetometry
		12.3 Diamond Materials and Microscopy
		12.4 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance
		12.5 NV Magnetometers
			12.5.1 Samples for NV Magnetometry
			12.5.2 DC magnetometer
			12.5.3 AC Magnetometer
			12.5.4 Sensitivity of NV magnetometers
			12.5.5 Some experimental results
		12.6 Summary
		Bibliography
Appendix A Magnetic Fields and Their Generation
	A.1 Steady Field
	A.2 Pulsed-Field
	Bibliography
Appendix B Units in Magnetism
	Magnetization
	Magnetic susceptibility
	Magnetic polarization
	Magnetization hysteresis
	Bibliography
Appendix C Demagnetization Field and Demagnetization Factor
	C.1 Phenomenology
	C.2 Experimental aspects
	Bibliography
Index