Experimental Physics Compact for Scientists: Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electrodynamics, Optics & Quantum Physics

Preface
	Notes on the Second Edition
Contents
1: Physical Quantities and Measurements
	1.1 Physical Quantities
		Example: The Second
	1.2 Measurement Uncertainty
		Example: Relative Uncertainty
		1.2.1 Statistical Uncertainty
		1.2.2 Histograms and Distributions
		1.2.3 Gaussian Error Propagation
			1.2.3.1 Addition and Subtraction of Measured Quantities
			1.2.3.2 Multiplication of Measured Quantities
			1.2.3.3 Division of Measured Quantities
				Example: Speed of Light
		1.2.4 Linear Regression
			1.2.4.1 Example: Disintegration of Beer Foam
	1.3 Physical Measurements: Compact
2: Mechanics of Rigid Bodies
	2.1 Kinematics
		2.1.1 Position, Velocity and Acceleration
			Example: Acceleration of a Quadratic Position Function
		2.1.2 Determination of the Position from the Acceleration
			Example: Free Fall
		2.1.3 Motion in Three Dimensions
			2.1.3.1 Oblique Projectile Motion
		2.1.4 Circular Motion
			Written Test: Tangential Acceleration
	2.2 Forces
		2.2.1 Newton´s Axioms
			First Newton´s Axiom: The Principle of Inertia
			Second Newton Axiom: The Action Principle
			Newton´s Axiom: The Reaction Principle (actio = reactio)
			Written Test: Newton´s Second Law
		2.2.2 Gravitational Force
		2.2.3 Spring Force
			Examination Task: Spring Force
			2.2.3.1 Combination of Springs
				Examination Task: Spring Combinations
		2.2.4 Pseudo Forces
			2.2.4.1 Inertia Force
			2.2.4.2 Centrifugal Force
			2.2.4.3 Coriolis Force
		2.2.5 Frictional Forces
			2.2.5.1 Inclined Plane
		2.2.6 Equation of Motion
	2.3 Conserved Quantities in Mechanics
		2.3.1 Work, Energy, Potential and Power
			Law of Conservation of Energy
			2.3.1.1 Potential Energy
			2.3.1.2 Elastic Energy
			2.3.1.3 Kinetic Energy
				Exercise: Energy Conversion in a Rubber Ball
			2.3.1.4 Power
				Examination Task: Elevator Performance
			2.3.1.5 Potential
			2.3.1.6 Outlook: General Definition of Work
		2.3.2 Straight Motion: Momentum and Collisions
			Law of Conservation of Momentum
			Written Test: The Rocket
			2.3.2.1 Central Collision
				Written Test: ICE and Football
		2.3.3 Circular Motion: Angular Momentum and Torque
			Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
			Exercise: On the Turntable
	2.4 Statics and Equilibria
		2.4.1 Statics of Translation
			2.4.1.1 Suspension of a Lamp from the Suspension Cable
		2.4.2 Statics of Rotation
			2.4.2.1 Leverage Law
			2.4.2.2 Equilibria of Extended Bodies
			2.4.2.3 Centre of mass
				Example: Calculation of the Centre of Mass
	2.5 Rotation of Extended Bodies
		2.5.1 Moment of Inertia
			2.5.1.1 Moments of Inertia of Special Bodies and Steiner´s Theorem
				Written Test: Moment of Inertia and Angular Velocity
		2.5.2 Rotational Energy
			Exercise Task: Rolling Cans
	2.6 Mechanics: Compact
3: Continuum Mechanics
	3.1 Elastic Deformations of Solid Bodies
		3.1.1 Elongation and Compression
		3.1.2 Bending
			Examination Task: Board on Edge
		3.1.3 Shear
		3.1.4 Torsion
		3.1.5 Beyond the Elastic Range: Fracture
			Written Test: Maximum Load on Steel Cable
	3.2 Hydrostatics
		3.2.1 Pressure in Liquids and Gases
			3.2.1.1 Gravity Pressure
			3.2.1.2 Plunger Pressure
			3.2.1.3 Pressure Measurement with the U-Tube
			3.2.1.4 Compression of Liquids
				Example: Force Amplification with a Hydraulic Press
		3.2.2 Buoyancy Force: Swimming, Floating, Sinking
			Exercise: Why Can Iron Ships Float?
			Written Test: Iceberg
		3.2.3 Interfaces of Liquids
			Exercise: Surface Energy of a Drop of Water
			3.2.3.1 Force on Edge Lines and Overpressure
				Exercise Task: Connected Soap Bubbles
			3.2.3.2 Adhesion and Cohesion
		3.2.4 Aerostatics
			3.2.4.1 Barometric Pressure Law
	3.3 Hydrodynamics
		3.3.1 Continuity Equation
			Examination Task: Fill Watering Can
		3.3.2 Bernoulli Effect
			Examination Task: Pressure in Tubes
			3.3.2.1 Pitot Tube
			3.3.2.2 Aerodynamic Lift Force on the Aircraft Wing
			3.3.2.3 Magnus Effect
			3.3.2.4 Hydrodynamic Paradox
			3.3.2.5 Torricelli´s Law
		3.3.3 Flow of Real Fluids
			3.3.3.1 Application: Stokes Law of Friction
				Examination Task: Sinking Spheres
			3.3.3.2 Flows in Tubes: Hagen-Poiseuille Law
				Written Test: Garden Hose
		3.3.4 Turbulence
			Examination Task: Parachute Jump
	3.4 Continuum Mechanics: Compact
4: Oscillations and Waves
	4.1 Harmonic Oscillation
		4.1.1 Examples of Harmonic Oscillations
			4.1.1.1 Spring Pendulum
				Written Test: Spring Pendulum
			4.1.1.2 Thread Pendulum
				Exercise: Pendulum Clock
		4.1.2 Driven Harmonic Oscillator with Damping
			4.1.2.1 Damped Harmonic Oscillator
			4.1.2.2 Driven Harmonic Oscillator
				Exercise: Oscillation of an Inflatable Boat
	4.2 Harmonic Wave
		4.2.1 Interference
			4.2.1.1 Standing Waves
				Exercise: Violin
			4.2.1.2 Beatings
				Example: Beat in a Duet
		4.2.2 Sound Waves
			Exercise: Sound Intensity
			4.2.2.1 Sound Perception
		4.2.3 Doppler Effect and Supersonic Speed
			Examination Task: Bat
	4.3 Oscillations and Waves: Compact
5: Thermodynamics
	5.1 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
		0. Law of Thermodynamics
		Written Test: Mixing Temperature
		5.1.1 Heat Transport
			Examination Task: Heat Losses at the Window
		5.1.2 Thermal Expansion
			Written Test: Mercury Thermometer
	5.2 Ideal Gas
		Exercise: Gas Velocities in Air
		5.2.1 Molar Quantities
		5.2.2 Internal Energy
			Example: Internal Energy in 1- and 2-Atomic Gas
		5.2.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
			First Law of Thermodynamics
			Exercise: Heat Capacity CV in a 1-Atom Gas
		5.2.4 Changes of State in the Ideal Gas
			5.2.4.1 Isochoric Change of State
			5.2.4.2 Isobaric Change of State
			5.2.4.3 Isothermal Change of State
			5.2.4.4 Adiabatic Change of State
				Examination Task: Compression in the Air Pump
	5.3 Entropy and Reversibility
		5.3.1 Example of Irreversible Expansion
		5.3.2 Entropy
			Second Law of Thermodynamics
			Third Law of Thermodynamics
			Exercise: Entropy in Isothermal Expansion
		5.3.3 Heat Engines
			5.3.3.1 Carnot Cycle
				Exercise: Efficiency of a Motor
	5.4 Phase Transitions
	5.5 Thermodynamics - Compact
6: Electrostatics
	6.1 Electric Charges, Forces and Fields
		Example: The Uncharged Hydrogen Atom
		6.1.1 Forces Between Charges: Coulomb´s Law
			Examination Task: Change of the Coulumb Force
		6.1.2 Electric Field and Electric Force on Charges
			6.1.2.1 Electric Field Lines
	6.2 Gauss´ Theorem Calculation of Electric Fields
		Written Test: The Theorem of Gauss
		6.2.1 Spherically Symmetrical Charge Distribution with Charge Q
		6.2.2 Long Straight Charged Wire
		6.2.3 Infinitely Extended, Homogeneously Charged Plate
		6.2.4 Plate Capacitor
	6.3 Electrostatic Potential and Electric Voltage
		6.3.1 Examples of Electrical Potentials
			6.3.1.1 Potential of a Spherically Symmetrical Charge Distribution
			6.3.1.2 Potential of an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire
			6.3.1.3 Voltage in the Plate Capacitor
		6.3.2 Energy in the Electric Field
			Example: Energy in the Plate Capacitor
	6.4 Matter in the Electric Field
		6.4.1 Electrical Conductors and Currents
			Example: The Faraday cage
			6.4.1.1 Ohm´s Law
				Written Test: Resistors in Wires
			6.4.1.2 Electrical Power
			6.4.1.3 Emission of Electrons from Metals
		6.4.2 Electrical Insulators and Dipoles
			6.4.2.1 Electric Dipole
				Dipoles in Electric Fields
			6.4.2.2 Dielectricity
				Example: Dielectric in Plate Capacitor
	6.5 Electrostatics - Compact
7: Magnetostatics
	7.1 Permanent Magnets and Magnetic Field Lines
		Example: Earth´s Magnetic Field and Compass
	7.2 Lorentz Force and Definition of the B-Field
		Example: Typical Magnetic Field Strengths
		7.2.1 Trajectories of Charged Particles in the Homogeneous B-Field
			Written Test: Motion in the Magnetic Field
		7.2.2 Lorentz Forces on Electrical Conductors
			Examination Task: High Voltage Cable
		7.2.3 Hall Effect
			Written Test: Hall voltage
	7.3 Ampère´s Law and Calculation of B-Fields
		7.3.1 Current-Carrying Straight Wire
		7.3.2 Circular Current - Magnetic Dipole Moment
		7.3.3 Long Thin Coil
			Written Test: Magnetic Path Integral
		7.3.4 Magnetic Flux
			Exercise: Is There a ``Gauss Theorem´´ for Magnetic Flux?
		7.3.5 Energy in the Magnetic Field
			Example: Magnetic Energy in a Coil
		7.3.6 Outlook: Vector Potential
	7.4 Magnetism in Matter
		7.4.1 Diamagnetism
		7.4.2 Paramagnetism
		7.4.3 Ferromagnetism and Hysteresis
			Overview
	7.5 Magnetostatics - Compact
8: Electrodynamics
	8.1 Relationship Between Electric and Magnetic Fields
	8.2 Induction Laws
		8.2.1 Induction of Magnetic Fields
			Exercise: Magnetic Field in a Plate Capacitor
		8.2.2 Induction of Electric Fields - Faraday´s Law of Induction
		8.2.3 Lenz´s Rule
			Lenz´s Rule
			Written Test: Induction in a Conductor Loop
			8.2.3.1 Eddy Currents
				Exercise: Induction Cooker
		8.2.4 Generation of Alternating Current - The Dynamo
		8.2.5 Self-Induction
			Exercise: Inductance of a Long Thin Coil
	8.3 Maxwell Equations
		The Theorem of Gauss
	8.4 Electrodynamics - Compact
9: Electronics
	9.1 Passive Components and Alternating Current
		9.1.1 Alternating Current and Alternating Current Resistance
			Example: Power Socket
		9.1.2 Alternating Current in the Capacitor
		9.1.3 Alternating Current in the Coil
			Written Test: AC Resistance in Coil and Capacitor
	9.2 Electrical Networks and Circuits
		1. Kirchhoff´s Law: The Knot Rule
		2. Kirchhoff´s Law: The Mesh Rule
		Example: Kirchhoff´s Laws
		9.2.1 Parallel and Series Connections
			Exercise: Total Resistance
		9.2.2 Complex Impedance
			9.2.2.1 Outlook: Calculating with Complex Numbers
		9.2.3 Special Circuits
			9.2.3.1 Voltage Divider
			9.2.3.2 RC Filter
			9.2.3.3 RL Filter
				Examination Task: RC and RL Filters
			9.2.3.4 Transformer
				Written Test: Transformer
		9.2.4 Switching On and Off in the RC and RL Circuits
			9.2.4.1 RC Circuit
			9.2.4.2 RL Circuit
	9.3 Electric Resonant Circuit
		Written Test: LC Resonant Circuit
		9.3.1 Electric Resonant Circuit with Damping
		9.3.2 RCL Bandpass Filter
		9.3.3 Hertzian Dipole - Radiation of Electromagnetic Waves
			Examination Task: Antenna
	9.4 Electronics - Compact
10: Optics
	10.1 Electromagnetic Waves
		Exercise: Electric Field in the Laser Beam
		10.1.1 Waves in Matter: Refractive Index
			10.1.1.1 Outlook: Superluminal Velocity in Media
			10.1.1.2 Dispersion
		10.1.2 Absorption and Scattering
			Exercise: Absorption in Glass Fibres
			10.1.2.1 Outlook: X-Ray Diagnostics
	10.2 Geometrical Optics
		10.2.1 Refraction and Reflection at Interfaces
			Written Test: Total Reflection in Water
		10.2.2 Optical Imaging
			10.2.2.1 Lenses
				Written Test: Plano-Convex Lens
			10.2.2.2 Lens Equation
				Exercise: Imaging
			10.2.2.3 Imaging with the Eye
	10.3 Polarization of Light
		10.3.1 Linear Polarization
		10.3.2 Circular Polarization
		10.3.3 Elliptical Polarization
		10.3.4 Unpolarized Light
		10.3.5 Polarizing Elements and Effects
			10.3.5.1 Polarizers
				Exercise: Crossed Polarizers
			10.3.5.2 Polarisation by Light Scattering
			10.3.5.3 Polarization by Brewster Reflection
				Exercise: Brewster Reflection
		10.3.6 Birefringence
			10.3.6.1 Outlook: Changing the Polarization with Wave Plates
		10.3.7 Optical Activity
			Exercise: Polarimetry
	10.4 Wave Optics
		10.4.1 Interference of Light
			10.4.1.1 Outlook: Light Rays as Interference Patterns
			10.4.1.2 Coherence
			10.4.1.3 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
				Exercise: Mach-Zehnder Interferometer as temperature sensor
			10.4.1.4 Thin Film Interference
				Exercise: Thin Film Interference
		10.4.2 Diffraction
			10.4.2.1 Huygens´ Principle
			10.4.2.2 Diffraction at the Single Slit
			10.4.2.3 Diffraction at the Double Slit
			10.4.2.4 Diffraction at the Grating
				Examination Task: Diffraction at the Grating
		10.4.3 Resolving Power of Optical Images
			10.4.3.1 Rayleigh Criterion
			10.4.3.2 Abbe Criterion
				Examination Task: Diffraction limit in the Eye
	10.5 Quantum Optics
		10.5.1 Properties of Photons
			Written Test: Photon Number in the Laser Pointer
		10.5.2 Experimental Detection of the Photon
			10.5.2.1 Black-Body Radiation
				Written Test: Radiation of the Sun
			10.5.2.2 Photoelectric Effect
				Written Test: Photoelectric Effect
			10.5.2.3 Compton Scattering
				Exercise: Scattering of a Photon by an Atom
			10.5.2.4 Photon Statistics in Parametric Fluorescence
	10.6 Optics: Compact
11: Fundamentals of Quantum Physics
	11.1 Properties of Quantum Objects
		11.1.1 Wave-Particle Duality
			Exercise: de Broglie Wavelength of Air
		11.1.2 Copenhagen Interpretation
			11.1.2.1 Electron Diffraction at the Double Slit Experiment
				Exercise: Measurement at the Double Slit
			11.1.2.2 Outlook: Alternative Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
		11.1.3 Heisenberg´s Uncertainty Principle
			Examination Task: Atom in the Box
		11.1.4 Superposition
		11.1.5 Entanglement
			11.1.5.1 EPR Experiment
			11.1.5.2 Schrödinger´s Cat
	11.2 Atomic Physics
		11.2.1 Atomic Model According to Bohr
			Written Test: Rydberg Atoms
			11.2.1.1 Absorption and Emission
				Examination Task: Balmer-α-Line
		11.2.2 Atomic Model According to Schrödinger
			11.2.2.1 Principal Quantum Number n
			11.2.2.2 Angular Momentum Quantum Number l
			11.2.2.3 Magnetic Quantum Number m
				Exercise: Quantum Numbers According to Schrödinger
			11.2.2.4 Corrections to Schrödinger´s Atomic Model
		11.2.3 Elements and Periodic Table
			11.2.3.1 Spin Quantum Number ms and Pauli Principle
			11.2.3.2 Occupation of the Orbitals
			11.2.3.3 Periodic Table
				Written Test: Electrons in the M-Shell
				Exercise: Electron Configuration
	11.3 Nuclear Physics
		11.3.1 Structure of the Atomic Nucleus
			Exercise: Isotopes
		11.3.2 Decays of Atomic Nuclei
			11.3.2.1 α-Decay
			11.3.2.2 β--Decay
			11.3.2.3 β+-Decay
			11.3.2.4 Proton and Neutron Emission
			11.3.2.5 γ-Decay
				Written Test: C 14 Decay
			11.3.2.6 Energy in Nuclear Decay
				Exercise: Energy in U 238 Decay
			11.3.2.7 Decay Law and Activity
				Exercise: Activity of Rubidium and Thorium
			11.3.2.8 Biological Effects of Radioactivity
		11.3.3 Nuclear Fusion
	11.4 Quantum Physics: Compact
12: Appendix: Physical Constants
Index