Experience Psychology

Tittle
Contents
Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology
	1 Defi ning Psychology and Exploring Its Roots
		The Psychological Frame of Mind
		Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior
		Psychology in Historical Perspective
	2 Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
		The Biological Approach
		The Behavioral Approach
		The Psychodynamic Approach
		The Humanistic Approach
		The Cognitive Approach
		The Evolutionary Approach
		The Sociocultural Approach
		Summing up the Seven Contemporary Approaches
	3 Psychology’s Scientifi c Method
	4 Types of Psychological Research
		Descriptive Research
		Correlational Research
		Experimental Research
		INTERSECTION: Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology: Is High Self-Esteem Such a Good Thing?
		Applications of the Three Types of Research
	5 Research Samples and Settings
		The Research Sample
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Data Detectives
		The Research Setting
	6 Conducting Ethical Research
		Ethics Guidelines
		The Ethics of Research with Animals
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Would Reality TV Pass the Institutional Review Board?
		The Place of Values in Psychological Research
	7 Learning About Psychology Means Learning About You
		Encountering Psychology in Everyday Life
		Appreciating Psychology as the Science of You
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 2 The Brain and Behavior
	1 The Nervous System
		Characteristics of the Nervous System
		Pathways in the Nervous System
		Divisions of the Nervous System
	2 Neurons
		Specialized Cell Structure
		The Neural Impulse
		Synapses and Neurotransmitters
		Neural Networks
	3 Structures of the Brain and Their Functions
		How Researchers Study the Brain and Nervous System
		How the Brain Is Organized
		The Cerebral Cortex
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Human Brains Uniquely Wired to Recognize Faces?
		The Cerebral Hemispheres and Split-Brain Research
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: The Iraq War and Traumatic Brain Injury
		INTERSECTION: Emotion and Neuroscience: Is Your Brain Happy?
		Integration of Function in the Brain
	4 The Endocrine System
	5 Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair
		The Brain’s Plasticity and Capacity for Repair
		Brain Tissue Implants
	6 Genetics and Behavior
		Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
		The Study of Genetics
		Genes and the Environment
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception
	1 How We Sense and Perceive the World
		The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception
		Sensory Receptors and the Brain
		Thresholds
		Perceiving Sensory Stimuli
		Sensory Adaptation
		INTERSECTION: Perception and Social Psychology: Was That
		a Gun or a Cell Phone? Extrasensory Perception
	2 The Visual System
		The Visual Stimulus and the Eye
		Visual Processing in the Brain
		Color Vision
		Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy
	3 The Auditory System
		The Nature of Sound and How We Experience It
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Practice “Safe Sound”
		Structures and Functions of the Ear
		Theories of Hearing
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Cochlear Implants a “Cure” for Deafness?
		Auditory Processing in the Brain
		Localizing Sound
	4 Other Senses
		The Skin Senses
		The Chemical Senses
		The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 4 States of Consciousness
	1 The Nature of Consciousness
		Consciousness and the Brain
		Levels of Awareness
		INTERSECTION: Consciousness and Developmental Psychology: How Do We Develop a Sense for the Minds of Others?
	2 Sleep and Dreams
		Biological Rhythms and Sleep
		Why Do We Need Sleep?
		Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep
		Sleep and Disease
		Sleep Disorders
		Dreams
	3 Psychoactive Drugs
		Uses of Psychoactive Drugs
		Types of Psychoactive Drugs
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Should Psychedelic Drugs Be Legalized for Medical Uses?
	4 Hypnosis
		The Nature of Hypnosis
		Explaining Hypnosis
		Applications of Hypnosis
	5 Meditation
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Meditation at Work
		Mindfulness Meditation
		The Meditative State of Mind
		Getting Started with Meditation
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 5 Learning
	1 Types of Learning
	2 Classical Conditioning
		Pavlov’s Studies
		Classical Conditioning in Humans
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Marketing Between the Lines
	3 Operant Conditioning
		Defi ning Operant Conditioning
		Thorndike’s Law of Effect
		Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning
		Shaping
		Principles of Reinforcement
		INTERSECTION: Behaviorism and Neuroscience: If It Feels Good, Is It Rewarding?
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Will Sparing the Rod Spoil the Child?
		Applied Behavior Analysis
	4 Observational Learning
	5 Cognitive Factors in Learning
		Purposive Behavior
		Insight Learning
	6 Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
		Biological Constraints
		Cultural Infl uences
		Psychological Constraints
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 6 Memory
	1 The Nature of Memory
	2 Memory Encoding
		Attention
		Levels of Processing
		Elaboration
		Imagery
	3 Memory Storage
		Sensory Memory
		Short-Term Memory
		Long-Term Memory
		INTERSECTION: Memory and Sensation: Why Does Smell Share a Special Relationship with Memory?
	4 Memory Retrieval
		Serial Position Effect
		Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: From the Courtroom to KFC: Making It Memorable
		Special Cases of Retrieval
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Memories: Recovered, Discovered, or False?
	5 Forgetting
		Encoding Failure
		Retrieval Failure
	6 Tips from the Science of Memory—for Studying and for Life
		Organizing, Encoding, Rehearsing, and Retrieving Course Content
		Autobiographical Memory and the Life Story
		Keeping Memory Sharp
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 7 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
	1 The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
	2 Thinking
		Concepts
		Problem Solving
		Reasoning and Decision Making
		Thinking Critically and Creatively
		INTERSECTION: Emotion and Cognition: How Are You Feeling and Thinking Today?
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Help Wanted: Critical and Creative Thinkers
	3 Intelligence
		Measuring Intelligence
		Genetic and Environmental Infl uences on Intelligence
		Extremes of Intelligence
		Theories of Multiple Intelligences
	4 Language
		The Basic Properties of Language
		Language and Cognition
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Does Gender Infl uence Language?
		Biological and Environmental Infl uences on Language
		Language Development over the Life Span
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 8  Human Development
	1 Exploring Human Development
		How Do Nature and Nurture Infl uence Development?
		Nature, Nurture, and You
		Do Early Experiences Rule Us for Life?
	2 Child Development
		Prenatal Development
		Physical Development in Childhood
		Cognitive Development in Childhood
		Socioemotional Development in Childhood
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: The Joy of the Toy
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Should Parents Be Superheroes?
		INTERSECTION: Developmental Psychology and Clinical Psychology: Is “Girl Talk” Always a Good Thing?
		Resilience in Childhood
	3 Adolescence
		Physical Development in Adolescence
		Cognitive Development in Adolescence
		Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
		Rethinking Adolescence
	4 Emerging Adulthood, Adult Development, and Aging
		Emerging Adulthood
		Physical Development in Adulthood
		Cognitive Development in Adulthood
		Socioemotional Development in Adulthood
		Active Development and Aging
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion
	1 Theories of Motivation
		The Evolutionary Approach
		Drive Reduction Theory
		Optimum Arousal Theory
	2 Hunger and Sex
		The Biology of Hunger
		Obesity
		The Biology of Sex
		Cognitive and Sensory/Perceptual Factors
		Cultural Factors
		Sexual Behavior and Orientation
	3 Beyond Hunger and Sex: Approaches to Motivation in Everyday Life
		Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
		Self-Determination Theory
		Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation
		Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals
		INTERSECTION: Motivation and Cognition: How Do We Resist Temptation?
	4 Emotion
		Biological Factors in Emotion
		Cognitive Factors in Emotion
		Behavioral Factors in Emotion
		Sociocultural Factors in Emotion
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Expressing Ourselves Online: The Psychology of Emoticons
		Classifying Emotions
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Is a Happy Worker a More Productive Worker?
		The Adaptive Functions of Emotions
	5 Motivation and Emotion: The Pursuit of Happiness
		Biological Factors in Happiness
		Obstacles in the Pursuit of Happiness
		Happiness Activities and Goal Striving
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 10 Personality
	1 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
		Psychodynamic Critics and Revisionists
		Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives
	2 Humanistic Perspectives
		Maslow’s Approach
		Rogers’s Approach
		Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectives
	3 Trait Perspectives
		Trait Theories
		The Five-Factor Model of Personality
		Evaluating the Trait Perspectives
		INTERSECTION: Personality and Organizational Psychology: Who’s in Charge?
	4 Personological and Life Story Perspectives
		Murray’s Personological Approach
		The Life Story Approach to Identity
		Evaluating the Life Story Approach and Similar Perspectives
	5 Social Cognitive Perspectives
		Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
		Mischel’s Contributions
		Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspectives
	6 Biological Perspectives
		Personality and the Brain
		Personality and Behavioral Genetics
		Evaluating the Biological Perspectives
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can Personality Change?
	7 Personality Assessment
		Self-Report Tests
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Hey, What’s Your Type?
		Projective Tests
		Other Assessment Methods
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 11 Social Psychology
	1 Social Cognition
		Person Perception
		Attribution
		The Self as a Social Object
		Attitudes
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Clinching the Sale
	2 Social Behavior
		Altruism
		Aggression
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do Violent Video Games Lead to Violence?
	3 Social Infl uence
		Conformity and Obedience
		INTERSECTION: Social Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience: Is the Brain Wired for Conformity?
		Group Infl uence
	4 Intergroup Relations
		Group Identity: Us Versus Them
		Prejudice
		Ways to Improve Intergroup Relations
	5 Close Relationships
		Attraction
		Love
		Models of Close Relationships
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders
	1 Defi ning and Explaining Abnormal Behavior
		Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorders
		Classifying Abnormal Behavior
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Psychological Disorders a Myth?
	2 Anxiety Disorders
		Generalized Anxiety Disorder
		Panic Disorder
		Phobic Disorder
		Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
		Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: The Psychological Wounds of War
	3 Mood Disorders
		Depressive Disorders
		INTERSECTION: Clinical and Developmental Psychology: A Happier Future for Depressed Children?
		Bipolar Disorder
		Suicide
	4 Eating Disorders
		Anorexia Nervosa
		Bulimia Nervosa
		Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
		Binge Eating Disorder
	5 Dissociative Disorders
		Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue
		Dissociative Identity Disorder
	6 Schizophrenia
		Symptoms of Schizophrenia
		Causes of Schizophrenia
	7 Personality Disorders
		Antisocial Personality Disorder
		Borderline Personality Disorder
	8 Combating Stigma
		Consequences of Stigma
		Overcoming Stigma
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Chapter 13 Therapies
	1 Biological Therapies
		Drug Therapy
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do Antidepressants Increase Suicide Risk in Children?
		Electroconvulsive Therapy
		Psychosurgery
	2 Psychotherapy
		Psychodynamic Therapies
		Humanistic Therapies
		Behavior Therapies
		Cognitive Therapies
		Therapy Integrations
		INTERSECTION: Clinical Psychology and Neuroscience: Brain Change Through Therapy?
	3 Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment
		Group Therapy
		Family and Couples Therapy
		Self-Help Support Groups
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Finding Therapy and Support in Cyberspace
		Community Mental Health
		Cultural Perspectives
	4 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
		Research on the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
		Health and Wellness Benefi ts of Psychotherapy
		Common Themes in Effective Psychotherapy
		SUMMARY
		KEY TERMS
		SELF-TEST
Chapter 14 Health Psychology
	1 Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
		The Biopsychosocial Model
		The Relationship Between Mind and Body
	2 Making Positive Life Changes
		Theoretical Models of Change
		The Stages of Change Model
	3 Resources for Effective Life Change
		Motivation
		INTERSECTION: Health Psychology and Motivation: Why Do We Do the Things We Shouldn’t Do?
		Social Relationships
		Religious Faith
		Personality Characteristics
	4 Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress
		Stress and Its Stages
		Stress and the Immune System
		Stress and Cardiovascular Disease
		Stress and Cancer
		Cognitive Appraisal and Coping with Stress
		Strategies for Successful Coping
		Stress Management Programs
	5 Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It
		Becoming Physically Active
		Eating Right
		CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can You Be Fat and Fit?
		Quitting Smoking
		PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Making a Career of Good Health
		Practicing Safe Sex
	6 Psychology and Your Good Life
	SUMMARY
	KEY TERMS
	SELF-TEST
Answers to Self-Quizzes and Self-Tests
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index