Exercise for Aging Adults: A Guide for Practitioners

Introduction to the Second Edition
Contents
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: The Physiology of Aging and Exercise
	Introduction
	Biology of Aging
	Hallmarks of Aging
		Inflammation
		Cellular Senescence
		Mitochondrial Dysfunction
		Deregulated Nutrient Sensing
		Microbiome Disturbances
		Stem Cell Exhaustion
		Other Hallmarks of Aging
	Aging of Body Systems
		Aging Skeletal System
		Aging Muscular System
		Aging Nervous System
		Aging Cardiovascular System
		Aging Respiratory System
		Aging of Other Body’s Systems
	Frailty
	Exercise: The Anti-Aging Pill
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Benefits of Exercise for Older Adults
	Introduction
	Function and Mortality
	Exercise Benefits for Diseases and Conditions
		Falls
		Osteoporosis
		Osteoarthritis
		Hypertension, Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Peripheral Vascular Conditions
		Diabetes and Lipids
		Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Mental Health
		Sleep
		Cognition
		Cancer
		Frailty and Sarcopenia
	Quality of Life, Successful Aging, and Resilience
	References
Chapter 3: Risks of Exercise in Older Adults
	Should Your Patient Exercise?
	Where Should Your Patient Exercise?
	How Should Your Patient Exercise?
	Disease-Specific Considerations
		Osteoporosis and Conditions Affecting Balance
		Cardiovascular Diseases
			Heart Failure
			Hypertension
			Stroke
			Pulmonary Embolism
		Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, and Joint Replacements
			Arthritis
			Joint Replacement: Knee and Hip
		Metabolic and Renal Diseases
			Metabolic Syndrome
			Diabetes Mellitus
			Dyslipidemia
			Chronic Kidney Disease
		Respiratory Diseases
			Communicable Diseases
			Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
			Asthma
		Cancer
		Alzheimer’s and Other Dementias
	Conclusion
	References
		Resources
Chapter 4: Types of Exercise: Flexibility, Strengthening, Endurance, Balance
	Introduction
	Flexibility Training
		Flexibility Exercises
	Strength Training
		Strength Exercises
	Endurance Training
		Endurance Exercises
			Land Exercises
			Pool Exercises (See Video for Exercise Examples)
	Balance Training
		Balance Exercises
	Additional Resources
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Motivational Interviewing for Older Adults
	Introduction
	The Spirit of Motivational Interviewing
	The Process of Change
	Putting It Together
	References
		Resources
Chapter 6: Writing an Exercise Prescription for Older Adults
	Introduction
	Assessing Functional Fitness for Exercise Prescriptions
	Choosing a Functional Fitness Assessment
		Time and Feasibility
		Appropriateness of the Test
		Alignment of Test with Appropriate Domain
	Designing the Exercise Prescription
		Step 1: Set Goals
		Step 2: Choose the Exercises
		Step 3: Determine Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT) for Each Component
	Exercise Prescription and FITT Considerations
		Step 4: Follow the Principles of Exercise Prescription
	Putting It All Together
	Resources
		Functional Fitness Assessment Tools
		Facility Based, On-line, and Manuals of Exercise Programs for the Older Adult
	References
Chapter 7: Social and Cultural Influences on Physical Activity
	Introduction
	The Socioecological Model
	Individual Factors
	Relationship Factors
		Social Networks, Engagement, Norms
		Relationship with Healthcare Practitioners
		Relationships with Fitness Instructors and Personal Trainers
	Community Factors
		Cultural Influences
	Societal Factors
	Evidence-Based Interventions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Exercise for Adults in Nursing Home and Assisted Living Facilities
	Introduction
	Exercise for Older Institutionalized Adults
	Risks and Benefits of Exercise
	Environmental Safety Considerations
	Exercise Prescriptions for Institutionalized Adults
		Individual Approaches
		Group Activities
	Cognitive and Behavioral Problems
	Motivation to Exercise
	Conclusion
	References
		Online Videos and Resources
Chapter 9: Promoting Mobility in the Acute Care Setting
	Introduction
	Prevalence and Consequences of Low Mobility in the Acute Hospital
	Barriers to Hospital Mobility
	Assessing Function and Mobility in Hospitalized Older Adults
	Safety of Exercise in the Acute Hospital Setting
	Promoting Mobility and Function with Geriatric Units and Teams
	Additional Hospital-Based Strategies
		Age Friendly Health Care
		NICHE
		Hospital Environments
		Standardized Protocols or Order Sets
	Conclusion
	References
		Resources
Chapter 10: Community-Based Exercise Programs for Older Adults
	Introduction
	Translation of Research into Evidence-Based Community Programs
	Community Program Planning Steps
	Examples of Evidence-Based Community Exercise Programs for Older Adults
		A Matter of Balance (MOB), www.mainehealth.org/mob
		Enhance Fitness, www.projectenhance.org/EnhanceFitness.aspx
		The Otago Exercise Program, www.med.unc.edu/aging/cgec/exercise-program
		On the Move (OTM), www.onthemove.pitt.edu
		Bingocize, www.wku.edu/bingocize/
	Delivery of Evidence-Based Programs
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Exercise Adaptations for Older Athletes
	Introduction
	Aging and Maximal Performance
	Training Principles
	Age-Related Changes
	Warm-Ups, Cool-downs, and Stretching
	Avoiding Adverse Events
		Cardiovascular Events
		Musculoskeletal Problems
		Rehabilitation
	Summary
	References
Chapter 12: Exercise Interventions for Pain Management in Older Adults
	Introduction
	Pain in Older Adults
	Exercise Interventions for Pain
	Implementing Exercise Prescriptions for Pain
	Conclusion
	References
Index