Examination of Orthopedi & Athletic Injuries

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contributors
Reviewers
Acknowledgments
Contents
Section 1 Foundations of Examination
	Chapter 1 Examination Process
		Differential Diagnosis
		Systematic Examination Technique
		The Examination Model
		Regional Interdependence
		The Role of The Uninjured Paired Structure
		Clinical Assessment
			History
		Physical Examination
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Palpation
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Selective Tissue Tests
			Neurological Screening
			Vascular Screening
			Review of Systems
		The Role of Evidence in the Examination Process
	Chapter 2 
Examination and Management of Acute Conditions
		Emergency Planning
		Sport-Specific Rules
		Critical Findings
		The On-Field Examination
			Equipment Considerations
			Primary Survey
			Secondary Survey
			On-Field History
			On-Field Joint and
			On-Field Joint Stability Tests
			On-Field Neurological Testing
			On-Field Vascular Assessment
		Immediate Management
			Splinting
			Transportation
			Disposition
		Return-to-Play Decision Making
	Chapter 3 Evidence-Based Practice in the Diagnostic Process
		The Role of Evidence-Based Practice in Orthopedic Examination and Diagnosis
		Fundamentals of Interpreting Research
			Reliability
		Diagnostic Accuracy
			Diagnostic Gold Standard
			Diagnostic Predictive Value
			Sensitivity and Specificity
			Likelihood Ratios
			Positive Likelihood Ratio
			Negative Likelihood Ratio
			Interpreting Likelihood Ratios
		Clinical Decision Rules
			Clinical Practice Guidelines
		Outcome Measures
		Incorporating Evidence-Based Practice into Clinical Diagnosis
		Use of Evidence in This Text
	Chapter 4 Injury Pathology Nomenclature
		Tissue Response to Stress
		Stress–Strain Relationships
		Mechanisms of Injury
			Tensile Forces
			Compression Forces
			Shear Forces
			Torsion Forces
			Direct Blow
		Soft Tissue Pathology
			Musculotendinous Injuries
			Contusions
			Heterotopic Ossification
			Joint Structure Pathology
			Articular Surface Pathology
		Bony Pathology
			Exostosis
			Apophysitis
			Fractures
		Neurological and Vascular Pathologies
			Peripheral Nerve Injury
			Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
	Chapter 5 Musculoskeletal Diagnostic Techniques
		Imaging Techniques
		Radiography
		Computed Tomography Scan
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Bone Scan
		Diagnostic Ultrasound
		Nerve Conduction Study/Electromyography
	Chapter 6 Assessment of Posture
		Clinical Anatomy
			The Kinetic Chain
			Muscular Function
			Muscle Imbalances
			Noncontractile Soft Tissue Influences
		Clinical Examination of Posture
			History
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Views of Postural Inspection
			Palpation
			Muscle-Length Assessment
		Common Postural Deviations
			Foot and Ankle
			The Knee
			Spine and Pelvis
			Shoulder and Scapula
			Head and Cervical Spine
		Regional Interdependence
		Documentation of Postural Assessment
	Chapter 7 Evaluation of Gait
		Observational Gait Analysis
		Gait Terminology
		Walking Gait Phases
			Stance Phase
			Swing Phase
		Running Gait Cycle
			Stance Phase
			Swing Phase
		General Approach to Patient Evaluation
			History
			Physical Examination
			Observational Gait Analysis Findings
		Compensatory Gait Deviations
		Quantitative Gait Analysis
Section 2 
Lower Extremity Examination
	Chapter 8 Foot and Toe Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Zones of the Foot
			Articulations and Ligamentous Support
			Muscles Acting on the Foot and Toes
			Arches of the Foot
			Neurological Anatomy
			Vascular Anatomy
		Clinical Examination of the Foot and Toes
			History
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Joint Stability Tests
			Neurological Examination
			Vascular Examination
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Influence of Foot Structure on Pathology
			Plantar Heel Pain
			Tarsal Coalition
			Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
			Metatarsal Fractures
			Lisfranc Injuries
			Phalangeal Fractures
			Intermetatarsal Neuroma
			Hallux Rigidus
			Hallux Valgus
			First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Sprains
			Sesamoiditis
		On-Field Examination of Foot Injuries
			Equipment Considerations
			On-Field History
			On-Field Inspection
			On-Field Palpation
			On-Field Joint Function Tests
		On-Field Management of Foot Injuries
			Plantar Fascia Ruptures
			Fractures and Dislocations
	Chapter 9 Ankle and Leg Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Related Bony Structures
			Articulations and Ligamentous Support
			Muscles of the Leg and Ankle
			Bursae
			Neurological Anatomy
			Vascular Anatomy
		Clinical Examination of the Ankle and Leg
			History
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Joint Stability Tests
			Neurological Assessment
			Vascular Assessment
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Ankle Sprains
			Ankle and Leg Fractures
			Achilles Tendon Pathology
			Peroneal Tendon Pathology
			Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
			Stress Fractures
			Compartment Syndromes
		On-Field Examination of Leg and Ankle Injuries
			Equipment Considerations
			On-Field History
			On-Field Inspection
			On-Field Palpation
			On-Field Range of Motion Tests
		Initial Management of On-Field Injuries
			Ankle Dislocations
			Compartment Syndrome
	Chapter 10 Knee Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Articulations and Ligamentous Support
			The Menisci
			Muscles Acting on the Knee
			Neurological Anatomy
			Vascular Anatomy
		Clinical Examination of Knee Injuries
			History
			Past Medical History
			History of the Present Condition
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Determination of Intracapsular versusExtracapsular Swelling
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Joint Stability Tests
			Neurological Assessment
			Vascular Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Uniplanar Knee Sprains
			Rotational Knee Instabilities
			Meniscal Tears
			Osteochondral Lesions
			Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
			Popliteus Tendinopathy
			Knee Osteoarthritis
			Tibiofemoral Joint Dislocations
		On-Field Examination of Knee Injuries
			Equipment Considerations
			On-Field History
			On-Field Inspection
			On-Field Palpation
			On-Field Range of Motion Tests
			On-Field Ligamentous Tests
		On-Field Management of Knee Injuries
			Tibiofemoral Joint Dislocations
			Collateral and Cruciate Ligament Sprains
			Meniscal Tears
	Chapter 11 
Patellofemoral Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Articulations and Ligamentous Support
			Muscular Anatomy and RelatedSoft Tissues
			Bursae of the Extensor Mechanism
		Clinical Examination of the Patellofemoral Joint
			History
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Joint Stability Tests
			Neurological and Vascular Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
			Patellofemoral Instability
			Patellofemoral Tendinopathies
			Traumatic Conditions
		On-Field Evaluation of Patellofemoral Injuries
			Equipment Considerations
			On-Field History
			On-Field Palpation
			On-Field Functional Assessment
		Initial Management of On-Field Injuries
			Patellar Tendon Rupture and Patellar Fracture
	Chapter 12 Pelvis and Thigh Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Articulations and Ligamentous Support
			Muscular Anatomy
			Bursae
			Neurological Anatomy
			Vascular Anatomy
		Clinical Examination of the Pelvis and Thigh
			History
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Joint Stability Tests
			Neurological Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Iliac Crest Contusion
			Muscle Tears
			Quadriceps Contusion
			Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
			Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
			Femoral Stress Fractures
		Intra-Articular Pathology
			Femoral Acetabular Impingement
			Labral Tears
			Hip Osteoarthritis
			Hip Subluxation
			Athletic Pubalgia
			Osteitis Pubis
			Piriformis Syndrome
			Snapping Hip Syndrome (Coxa Saltans)
			Bursitis
		On-Field Evaluation of Pelvis and Thigh Injuries
		Initial Evaluation and Management of On-Field Injuries
			Hip Dislocation
			Femoral Fracture
Section 3 Torso Examination
	Chapter 13 Lumbosacral Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Bony Anatomy
			Intervertebral Discs
			Articulations, Ligamentous andFascial Anatomy
			Neurological Anatomy
			Muscular Anatomy
		Clinical Examination of the Lumbar Spine
			History
			Nonorganic Origin of Pain
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Joint Stability Tests
			Selective Tissue Tests
			Neurological Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Spinal Stenosis
			Intervertebral Disc Lesions
			Segmental Instability
			Erector Spinae Muscle Tears
			Spondylopathies
			Sacroiliac Pathology
		On-Field Examination of Lumbar Spine Injuries
			On-Field History
			On-Field Inspection
			On-Field Neurological Tests
			On-Field Palpation
		On-Field Management of Lumbar Spine Injuries
			Lumbar Spine
	Chapter 14 
Cervical and Thoracic Spine and Thorax Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Cervical Spine
			Thoracic Spine
			Intervertebral Discs
			Ligamentous Anatomy
			Neurological Anatomy
			Thorax
			Muscular Anatomy
		Clinical Examination of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine and Thorax
			History
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Joint Stability Tests
			Neurological Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Cervical Radiculopathy
			Clinical Cervical Instability
			Facet Joint Dysfunction
			Brachial Plexus Pathology
			Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
			Thoracic Spine Pathologies
			Thorax Pathologies
			Splenic Injury
			Kidney Trauma
			Commotio Cordis
		On-Field Evaluation and Management of Cervical and Thoracic Spine and Thorax Injuries
			Brachial Plexus Injury
			Thoracic Spine
			Rib Fractures
			Pneumothorax and Hemothorax
			Respiratory Distress
Section 4 Upper Extremity Examination
	Chapter 15 Shoulder and Upper Arm Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Bony Anatomy
			Joints of the Shoulder Complex
			Muscles of the Shoulder Complex
			Bursae of the Shoulder Complex
		Clinical Examination of Shoulder Injuries
			History
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Joint Stability Tests
			Neurological Testing
			Vascular Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Scapulothoracic Articulation Pathology
			Sternoclavicular Joint Sprains
			Acromioclavicular Joint Pathology
		Glenohumeral Instability
			Anterior Instability
			Nontraumatic Anterior Instability
			Traumatic Anterior Instability
			Posterior Instability
			Acute Posterior Dislocation
			Rotator Cuff Pathology
			Biceps Tendon Pathology
			Adhesive Capsulitis
		On-Field Examination of Shoulder Injuries
			Equipment Considerations
			On-Field History
			On-Field Inspection
			On-Field Palpation
			On-Field Neurological Tests
		Initial Management of On-Field Shoulder Injuries
			Scapular Fractures
			Clavicular Injuries
	Chapter 16 Elbow and Forearm Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Articulations and Ligamentous Support
			Muscular Anatomy
			Nerves
			Bursae
		Clinical Examination of the Elbow and Forearm
			History
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Active Range of Motion
			Manual Muscle Testing
			Passive Range of Motion
			Joint Stability Tests
			Neurological Testing
			Vascular Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Elbow Dislocations
			Fractures About the Elbow
			Elbow Sprains
			Ulnar Collateral Ligament
			Radial Collateral Ligament
			Osteochondritis Dissecansof the Capitulum
			Epicondylalgia
			Lateral Epicondylalgia
			Medial Epicondylalgia
			Distal Biceps Tendon Rupture
			Nerve Pathology
			Forearm Compartment Syndrome
		On-Field Examination of Elbow and Forearm Injuries
			On-Field History
			On-Field Inspection
			On-Field Palpation
			On-Field Joint and Muscle Function Tests
			On-Field Neurological Tests
		On-Field Management of Elbow and Forearm Injuries
			Elbow Dislocations
			Fractures About the Elbow
	Chapter 17 
Wrist, Hand, and Finger Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Articulations and Ligamentous Support
			Muscular Anatomy
			Nerves
			The Carpal Tunnel
		Clinical Examination of Injuries to the Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
			History
			Functional Assessment
			Inspection
			Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Wrist Joint and Muscle Function Assessment
			Joint Stability Tests
			Wrist and Hand Joint Play Assessment
			Neurological Testing
			Vascular Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Wrist Pathology
			Hand Pathology
			Finger Pathology
			Thumb Pathology
		On-Field Evaluation and Management of Wrist, Hand, and Finger Injuries
			Wrist Fractures and Dislocations
			Interphalangeal Joint Dislocations
			Hand and Finger Fractures
			Lacerations
Section 5 Examination of the Head
	Chapter 18 Eye Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Eye Structures
			Muscular Anatomy
			Visual Acuity
		Clinical Examination of Eye Injuries
			History
			Inspection
			Functional Assessment
			Neurological Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Orbital Fractures
			Corneal Abrasions
			Corneal Lacerations
			Traumatic Iritis
			Hyphema
			Retinal Detachment
			Ruptured Globe
			Conjunctivitis
			Foreign Body Embedment
		On-Field Examination and Management of Eye Injuries
			Contact Lens Removal
			Orbital Fractures
			Penetrating Eye Injuries
			Chemical Burns
	Chapter 19 Face and Related Structure Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy
			The Ear
			The Nose
			The Throat
			The Mouth
			The Teeth
			Muscular Anatomy
		Clinical Examination of Facial Injuries
			History
			Inspection
			Functional Assessment
			Neurological Testing
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
			Ear Pathology
			Nasal Injuries
			Throat Injury
			Facial Fractures
			Dental Conditions
			Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction
		On-Field Examination and Management of Injuries to the Face and Related Areas
			Lacerations
			Laryngeal Injuries
			Facial Fractures
			Temporomandibular Joint Injuries
			Nasal Fracture and Epistaxis
			Dental Injuries
	Chapter 20 Head and Acute Cervical Spine Pathologies
		Clinical Anatomy
			The Brain
			The Meninges
			Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Blood Circulation in the Brain
			Examination Scenarios
			Evaluation of the Athlete’s Position
		Examination of Head Injuries
			Determination of Consciousness
			History
			Inspection
			Palpation
			Functional Assessment
			Cranial Nerve Function
			Neurocognitive Function
			Vital Signs
		Region-Specific Pathologies and Selective Tissue Tests
		Traumatic Brain Injury
			Concussion
			Concussion Assessment Tools
			Postconcussion Syndrome
			Diffuse Cerebral Swelling
			Intracranial Hemorrhage
			Home Instructions
			Skull Fractures
		Examination of Acute Cervical Spine Injuries
			History
			Inspection
			Functional Assessment
			Neurological Assessment
			Acute Cervical Spine Trauma
		On-Field Examination and Management of Cervical Spine Injuries and the Unconscious Athlete
			Equipment Considerations
			Initial Inspection
			Initial Action
			History
			Inspection
			Neurological Testing
			Removing the Athlete From the Field
Appendix A Diagnostic Evidence References
Index