Evolutionary Conservation Biology

Contents......Page 9
Contributing Authors......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 16
Notational Standards......Page 17
1.1 Demography, Genetics, and Ecology in Conservation Biology......Page 19
1.2 Toward an Evolutionary Conservation Biology......Page 21
1.3 Environmental Challenges and Evolutionary Responses......Page 24
1.4 Evolutionary Conservation Biology in Practice......Page 28
1.5 Structure of this Book......Page 30
2.2 From Individual Interactions to Density Dependence......Page 37
The simplest density-dependent models......Page 38
Density-dependent models in discrete time......Page 40
Allee effects......Page 42
Time to extinction under demographic stochasticity......Page 45
Effect of interaction stochasticity......Page 48
Branching processes and quasi-stationarity......Page 50
Accounting for individual interactions and demographic stochasticity......Page 52
The effect of environmental autocorrelation......Page 54
2.5 Density Dependence and the Measure of Extinction Risk......Page 55
2.6 Concluding Comments......Page 56
3.2 Extinction Risk in Age-structured Populations......Page 59
Essentials about structured deterministic models......Page 60
Factors of population regulation and extinction......Page 61
3.3 Effect of Sexual Structure on Population Viability......Page 63
Deterministic two-sex models......Page 64
Influence of sexual reproduction on the extinction risk......Page 68
Sexual selection and extinction......Page 69
3.4 Interfacing Demography and Genetics......Page 71
3.5 Concluding Comments......Page 75
4.1 Introduction......Page 77
4.2 Deterministic versus Stochastic Metapopulation Models......Page 78
Metapopulations with many patches......Page 79
Basic reproduction ratios and persistence......Page 80
Persistence and viability......Page 81
Defining the environmental interaction variable......Page 83
Defining the basic entity......Page 84
Defining basic reproduction ratios......Page 85
Metapopulation persistence......Page 86
Metapopulation viability......Page 89
4.6 Persistence of Finite Metapopulations: Stochastic Models......Page 90
Predictions from a spatially explicit stochastic model......Page 91
New introductions......Page 93
Between stochastic and deterministic models......Page 94
4.7 Concluding Comments......Page 96
5.2 Types of Abiotic Environmental Change......Page 103
Physiological and phenological effects of climate change......Page 106
Rapid adaptations to local climate conditions......Page 108
5.4 Adaptive Responses to Thermal Stress......Page 109
5.5 Adaptive Responses to Pollution......Page 111
5.6 Adaptive Responses in Endangered Species......Page 114
5.7 Concluding Comments......Page 117
6.2 Guppy Life-history Evolution......Page 119
The association between predation and life histories......Page 120
Methods......Page 123
Intensity of natural selection on different traits......Page 125
6.4 Limits to Adaptation......Page 127
Modeling population dynamics......Page 129
Modeling genetic dynamics......Page 132
6.5 Conditions that Favor Rapid Evolution......Page 134
6.6 Concluding Comments......Page 135
7.2 Genetic Variation and Life Histories......Page 137
Mutation......Page 138
Frequency-dependent selection......Page 139
Spatial and temporal variation in fitness......Page 141
Genetic correlations......Page 142
Measuring variation in quantitative traits......Page 144
Can we estimate quantitative variation from molecular variation?......Page 146
General patterns of genetic variability......Page 147
Effects of small population size and inbreeding......Page 148
Measuring inbreeding depression......Page 149
Population size and purging of inbreeding depression in animals......Page 150
A case study of purging in an endangered mammal......Page 151
7.6 Concluding Comments......Page 152
8.1 Introduction......Page 154
Hypotheses on the effect of stress on quantitative genetic variation......Page 156
Increased phenotypic variation under stress......Page 159
Fluctuating asymmetry does not reliably show stress exposure......Page 160
8.4 Stress and Genetic Variation......Page 162
Trait-specific effects of stress on genetic variation......Page 163
Causes of higher genetic variance in size-related traits under stress......Page 165
8.5 Experimental Selection under Stress......Page 166
8.6 Concluding Comments......Page 168
9.2 Purging and Fitness Changes in Declining Populations......Page 173
9.3 Fixation of Deleterious Mutations: Mutational Meltdown......Page 175
Effective population size and the Hill–Robertson effect......Page 179
Distribution of mutational effects......Page 180
Epistasis......Page 181
Sex and selfing......Page 182
Rate of back, beneficial, and compensatory mutations......Page 183
Rate of fixation of beneficial mutations in small populations......Page 184
9.6 Time Scales for Extinction, Evolution, and Conservation......Page 185
9.7 Concluding Comments......Page 187
10.1 Introduction......Page 189
10.2 Quantitative Genetics and Response to Selection......Page 191
Sustained directional change......Page 194
Pleiotropy and changing optima......Page 200
Periodic change......Page 201
Stochastic fluctuations......Page 202
10.4 Concluding Comments......Page 204
11.1 Introduction......Page 206
Optimization in earlier evolutionary theory......Page 207
The quest for suitable optimization criteria......Page 208
Optimization arguments in evolutionary game theory......Page 209
Limitations to the existence of optimization criteria......Page 210
Evolutionary stability and attainability......Page 211
Optimization and population viability......Page 215
Invasion fitness......Page 216
Evolutionary singularities and their properties......Page 217
Conservation and speciation......Page 219
Determinants of evolving biodiversity......Page 220
Adaptive speciation......Page 222
Area effects on adaptive speciation......Page 223
11.5 Adaptive Evolution and the Loss of Diversity......Page 225
Evolutionary deterioration, collapse, and suicide......Page 226
Evolutionary deterioration......Page 227
Evolutionary collapse......Page 228
Catastrophic bifurcations and evolutionary suicide......Page 229
Further examples of evolutionary suicide......Page 231
Evolutionary suicide in sexual populations......Page 232
Extinction driven by coevolutionary dynamics......Page 233
11.6 Adaptive Responses to Environmental Change......Page 235
Ecology–evolution–environment diagrams......Page 236
Ecological and evolutionary penalties of environmental change......Page 238
More complex forms of evolutionary trapping......Page 240
11.7 Concluding Comments......Page 242
12.1 Introduction......Page 247
12.2 Basic Models of Population Genetic Structure......Page 249
12.3 Adding Geography: The Stepping-stone Model......Page 252
12.4 Metapopulation Processes and Population Differentiation......Page 253
Effects of colonization–extinction processes......Page 254
Effects of local population dynamics......Page 255
12.5 Metapopulation Processes and Effective Population Size......Page 256
Spatial structure of selected genes......Page 257
Spatial structure of genes linked to selected genes......Page 258
Neutral genetic structure......Page 259
Fixation of beneficial alleles......Page 260
12.8 Concluding Comments......Page 261
13.1 Introduction......Page 262
13.2 Adaptations to Temporal Environmental Change......Page 263
13.3 Adaptations in Population Sources and Sinks......Page 269
13.4 Adaptations along Environmental Gradients......Page 276
13.5 Conservation Implications......Page 280
13.6 Concluding Comments......Page 281
14.1 Introduction......Page 283
14.2 Selection for Low Dispersal......Page 284
Deterministically fluctuating populations......Page 285
Environmental disturbances......Page 289
Demographic stochasticity......Page 292
Effect on population size......Page 293
Evolutionary suicide in dispersal evolution......Page 294
Landscape heterogeneity......Page 296
Increased fragmentation......Page 297
Catastrophe rate and temporal uniformization......Page 298
14.5 Concluding Comments......Page 299
15.1 Introduction......Page 302
15.2 Responses of Migration to Landscape Fragmentation......Page 304
Effects of patch isolation......Page 305
Effects of colonization opportunities......Page 308
Adaptation to local hosts......Page 310
Adaptation to anthropogenic habitat change......Page 311
Evolutionary trapping in Ce. corymbosa......Page 313
Fragmentation and Centaurea diversification......Page 315
15.5 Concluding Comments......Page 316
16.1 Introduction......Page 323
16.2 Factors that Influence the Persistence of Mutualisms......Page 325
Ecological persistence......Page 327
Evolutionary persistence......Page 328
Habitat fragmentation......Page 330
Biological invasions......Page 331
Which mutualisms are most at risk?......Page 332
Rarity of coextinction?......Page 333
Past adaptations that promote ecological resiliency......Page 335
Evolutionary responses......Page 337
16.5 Responses of Generalized Mutualisms to Threats......Page 338
Flexible mutualistic coadaptation......Page 339
Coevolutionary responses to environmental disturbances......Page 340
16.6 Concluding Comments......Page 343
17.1 Introduction......Page 345
Understanding the evolution of plant antiherbivore defense......Page 347
Conservation implications......Page 349
Indirect ecological effects of material cycling......Page 351
Evolutionary consequences of grazing optimization......Page 352
Evolution toward plant–herbivore mutualism......Page 353
Conservation implications......Page 356
17.4 Coevolution in Other Exploiter–Victim Interactions......Page 357
17.5 Local Evolution versus Biological Invasions......Page 359
17.6 Concluding Comments......Page 360
18.2 Habitat Change and Species Contact......Page 362
Ecological interference......Page 364
Hybridization......Page 365
18.4 Species Threatened by Hybridization......Page 366
18.5 Stabilization of Hybrid Derivatives......Page 369
18.6 Rescue of Rare Species through Gene Flow......Page 371
18.7 Concluding Comments......Page 373
19.2 Humans as the World’s Greatest Evolutionary Force......Page 374
19.3 Evolutionary Conservation in Anthropogenic Landscapes......Page 376
19.4 Culture’s Role in the Eco-evolutionary Feedback Loop......Page 379
19.5 Concluding Comments......Page 381
References......Page 383
Index......Page 429