Evocations of the Calf?: Romans 1:18–2:11 and the Substructure of Psalm 106(105)

Acknowledgments
Preface
Contents
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Project
		1.1.1 Constructing Towers and Texts
		1.1.2 Romans 1:1832 and 2:111: Ethnic Inhabitants on Either Side of Bridge
		1.1.3 Introducing the Four Pavement Stones
			1.1.3.1 Problematic Particle: Aio
			1.1.3.2 Uncertain Similarity: ia aura and ta loiauto
			1.1.3.3 Unidentified Interlocutor: Gentile, Generic fudge, or Jew
			1.1.3.4 Possible Dialogue Partner: Romans 1:18-2:11 and Wisdom of Solomon 11-19
		1.1.4 Interpreting the Four Pavement Stones
			1.1.4.1 Interlocking Stones
			1.1.4.2 Textual Context
			1.1.4.3 Cultural and Historical Context
	1.2 Proposal
		1.2.1 Aligning the Pavement Stones
		1.2.2 Analyzing the Textual Substructure
			1.2.2.1 Importance of Romans 1:23
			1.2.2.2 Substructure of Psalm 106(105)
		1.2.3 Reading the Textual Surface
			1.2.3.1 Romans 1:1832: Ironic Application of Psalm 106(105)
			1.2.3.2 Romans 2:14: Inferential Application of Psalm 106 (105)
			1.2.3.3 Romans 2:511: Indirect Application of Psalm 106 (105)
		1.2.4 Sketching a Larger Context
			1.2.4.1 General Confusion: jews and Egyptians in the Roman Empire
			1.2.4.2 Particular Conversation: Differing Understandings of Jewish Identity in Wisdom of Solomon 1119 and Psalms 105 (104) 107(106)
			1.2.4.3 Pauline Exploitation: ReReading Romans 1:18-2:11
	1.3 Approach
		1.3.1 Hermeneutics
			1.3.1.1 Metalepsis
			1.3.1.2 Complex Conversation
		1.3.2 Texts
			1.3.2.1 Textual Fluidity in the Post-Qumran Era
			1.3.2.2 Paul’s Greek Text
			1.3.2.3 Critical Editions
	1.4 Plan: Preview of Chapters
Chapter 2: Psalm 106(105)
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Psalm 106(105): Israelite Infidelity Outside and Inside the Land
		2.2.1 Praise, Penitence, and Concluding Plea (w. 16, 47)
		2.2.2 Rebellion Outside the Land: Seven Sins (w. 733)
			2.2.2.1 Overview of Sins One to Three and Five to Seven (w. 718,2433)
				2.2.2.1.1 Embitterment at Red Sea and Lord’s Salvation (w. 7-12)
				2.2.2.1.2 Impatient Craving in the Desert (w. 13-15)
				2.2.2.1.3 Angering Moses and Aaron in the Camp (w. 16-18)
				2.2.2.1.4 Heedless Grumbling in the Tents of Kadesh Barnea (w. 24-27)
				2.2.2.1.5 Initiation into Baal of Peor and Phinehas’ Propitiation (w. 28-31)
				2.2.2.1.6 Inciting Moses at the Water of Strife (w. 32-33)
			2.2.2.2 Analysis of Fourth Sin: Calf Worship at Horeb and Moses’ Intercession (w. 19-23)
				2.2.2.2.1 Centrality of Calf Worship: Positional, Terminological, Intertextual, and Thematic
				2.2.2.2.2 Exegesis, Comparison, Conflation: Exodus 32-34; Deuteronomy 9-10; Psalm 106(105):19-20, 23a,d
		2.2.3 Rebellion Inside the Land: Cyclical Sin (w. 34-46)
	2.3 Anticipating Paul’s Appropriation of Psalm 106(105)
	2.4 Conclusion
Chapter 3: Romans 1:18-2:11
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Structural Analysis
		3.2.1 Romans 1:1832: Indictment of Idolatry and Immorality
			3.2.1.1 Romans 1:1821: Introduction to the Indictment
			3.2.1.2 Romans 1:2232: ABABAB Structure for the Indictment Proper
		3.2.2 Romans 2:14: Inferential Incorporation of an Unidentified Interlocutor
		3.2.3 Romans 2:511: Elaborate Chiasm on Oivine Judgment for Jew First
	3.3 Substructural Analysis
		3.3.1 Calf and Creation in Romans 1:23; Psalm 106(105):20 and Genesis 1:20-27
		3.3.2 Retribution in Romans 1:24, 26a, 28; Psalm 106(105):41a
		3.3.3 Conflation and Chiasm in Romans 2:511; Psalm 106 (105):23a,d and Deuteronomy 9:27; 10:16,17
			3.3.3.1 Opening Frame of Romans 2:5a: Deuteronomy 9:27b; 10:16 and Philo, De specialibus legibus  1.304-305
			3.3.3.2 Closing Frame of Romans 2:11: Divine Impartiality and Deuteronomy 10:17
			3.3.3.3 Judgment according to Works in Romans 2:6 11 and Sirach 16:9-14
			3.3.3.4 Multiple Affinities
	3.4 Surface Analysis
		3.4.1 Romans 1:18-32: Ironic Application of Psalm 106(105)
			3.4.1.1 Romans 1:18-21: Revelation of and Basis for God\'s Wrath
			3.4.1.2 Romans 1:22-32: Precipitating Cause for and Results of God\'s Wrath
		3.4.2 Romans 2:14: Inferential Application of Psalm 106(105)
		3.4.3 Romans 2:511: Indirect Application of Psalm 106(105)
	3.5 Conclusion
Chapter 4: Sketching a Larger Context
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 General Confusion: jews and Egyptians in the Roman Empire
		4.2.1 Contributing Factors
			4.2.1.1 Shared Customs
				4.2.1.1.1 Circumcision
				4.2.1.1.2 Abstention from Pork
			4.2.1.2 Ethnographic Origin
			4.2.1.3 Golden Ass Libel
		4.2.2 Cultic Conflation and Calf Exclusion/Inclusion
			4.2.2.1 Implicit and Explicit Cultic Conflation
				4.2.2.1.1 Implicit Cultic Conflation in Letter of Aristeas128-71
				4.2.2.1.2 Explicit Cultic Conflation in Plutarch, Quaestiones convivales 4.5
			4.2.2.2 Calf Exclusion/Inclusion
				4.2.2.2.1 Calf Exclusion in Josephus
				4.2.2.2.2 Calf Inclusion in Philo
	4.3 Particular Conversation: Differing Understandings of Jewish Identity in Wisdom of Solomon 1119 and Psalms 105(104)107(106)
		4.3.1 Wisdom of Solomon 11-1952
			4.3.1.1 Overview of Wisdom of Solomon 11-19: Structure and Hermeneutics
			4.3.1.2 Analysis of Wisdom of Solomon 13-15: Aberrant Worship and Calf Interpretation
		4.3.2 Psalm 105(104) as the Substructure of Wisdom of Solomon 11-19
			4.3.2.1 Overview of Psalm 105(104): Structure and Hermeneutics
				4.3.2.1.1 Introductory Call to Praise (vv. 16)
				4.3.2.1.2 Land Inheritance: Promise and Fulfillment (w 711, 4245)
				4.3.2.1.3 Protection Inside the Land (vv. 1215,1622)
				4.3.2.1.4 Protection Outside the Land (vv. 2341)
			4.3.2.2 Psalm 105(104):2341 and Wisdom of Solomon 1119:Reconstructing the Contrasts
		4.3.3 Psalms 105(104) 107(106): Sin, Exile, Repentance, and Restoration
			4.3.3.1 Sin, Exile, and Repentance in Psalms 105(104) 106 (105)
			4.3.3.2 Restoration in Psalm 107(106)
		4.3.4 Psalm 106(105) as the Antithesis of Wisdom of Solomon 11-19
		4.3.5 IntraJewish Debate?
		4.3.6 Liturgy, Pedagogy, and Psalms 105(104)107(106)
	4.4 Pauline Exploitation: ReReading Romans 1:18-2:11
	4.5 Conclusion
Chapter 5: Conclusion
	5.1 Summary
		5.1.1 Primary Proposal
		5.1.2 Secondary Sketch
	5.2 Avenues for Future Research
	5.3 Postscript: Towers and Texts
Bibliography
	Primary Sources
	Secondary Sources
Index of Authors
Index of Subjects
Index of Ancient Sources