EUROPEAN RUSSIAN FORESTS: their current state and features of their

Preface......Page 6
 References......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
 1.1 Topography and Hydrography......Page 15
 1.2 Climate......Page 20
 1.3 General Description of Forest Vegetation......Page 26
  1.3.1 Boreal Forest......Page 30
  1.3.2 Hemiboreal Forest......Page 32
  1.3.3 Nemoral Forest......Page 35
 1.4 General Description of Forest Soils......Page 38
 References......Page 43
Chapter 2: Methods of Investigation......Page 47
 2.1 Study Areas......Page 48
 2.2 Forest Typology Used (Classification of Forest Vegetation)......Page 49
 2.3 Mapping and Monitoring of Forest Cover......Page 53
 2.4 Field Data Collection......Page 56
 2.5 Data Analysis......Page 57
  2.5.2 Plant Diversity Assessment......Page 58
  2.5.3 Assessment of Forest Vegetation Dynamics According to the Ontogenetic Structure of Tree Populations......Page 59
  2.5.4 Assessment of Successional Stages of Forest Ecosystems......Page 63
 References......Page 65
Chapter 3: Boreal Forests......Page 72
  3.1.1 Section: Lichen Forests......Page 73
  3.1.2 Section: Green Moss Forests......Page 78
  3.1.3 Section: Large Fern Forests......Page 84
  3.1.4 Section: Boreal Tall Herb Forests......Page 85
  3.1.5 Section: Boreal Swamp Forests......Page 88
  3.1.6 Section: Sphagnum Forests......Page 93
  3.1.7 Conclusion......Page 99
 3.2 Features of the Historical Land Use in the Boreal Region......Page 100
  3.2.1 Slash-and-Burn Agriculture......Page 101
  3.2.2 Tillage Agriculture......Page 104
  3.2.3 Traditional Cattle and Reindeer Breeding......Page 105
  3.2.4 Fires......Page 106
  3.2.5 Felling (Cutting)......Page 108
  3.2.6 Conclusion......Page 112
 3.3 Succession of the Boreal Forest After Fire in the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve (Karelia)......Page 113
  3.3.2 Post-Fire Vegetation Within the Denudation-Tectonic Landscape......Page 114
  3.3.3 Succession After Fire in the Lowland Outwash Terrains......Page 121
 3.4 Old-Growth Dark Coniferous Forests in the Pechora-­Ilych Nature Reserve......Page 129
  3.4.1 General Description of the Pechora-Ilych State Nature Reserve......Page 130
  3.4.2 The Study Area (Bolshaya Porozhnaya River Basin)......Page 132
  3.4.3 Methods of Investigation......Page 133
  3.4.4 General Description of the Studied Forests......Page 137
  3.4.5 Composition and Structure of Tree Populations in Different Forest Types......Page 148
  3.4.6 Species and Structural Diversity of the Vegetation in Microsites Developed in the Boreal Tall Herb Spruce-­Fir Forests......Page 156
  3.4.7 Phytomass of Vascular and Moss Species in Microsites Developed in the Boreal Tall Herb Spruce-Fir Forests......Page 160
  3.4.8 Conclusion......Page 162
  3.5.1 The Study Areas......Page 164
  3.5.3 Vegetation and Soil in the Studied Forest Types......Page 166
  3.5.4 Conclusion......Page 196
 3.6 Conclusions on the Boreal Forest Region......Page 199
 References......Page 203
Chapter 4: Hemiboreal Forests......Page 217
  4.1.1 Section: Lichen Forests......Page 218
  4.1.2 Section: Green Moss Forests......Page 220
  4.1.3 Section: Herb Forests......Page 226
  4.1.4 Section: Hemiboreal Swamp Forests......Page 242
  4.1.5 Section: Sphagnum Forests......Page 248
  4.1.6 Conclusion......Page 253
 4.2 Features of the Historical Land-Use in the Hemiboreal Region......Page 254
 4.3 Typical Features of the Best Preserved Hemiboreal Forests in European Russia (on Examples of the Visimskiy and Sabarskiy Reserves and the Kilemarskiy Zakaznik)......Page 266
  4.3.1 Vascular Plant Diversity in the Tall Herb Dark-­Coniferous – Broad-Leaved Forests......Page 268
  4.3.2 Ontogenetic Structure of Tree Populations and Patchy Structure of Tall Herb Dark-Coniferous – Broad-Leaved Forests......Page 272
  4.3.3 Microsite Structure and Vegetation Diversity in the Tall Herb Dark-Coniferous – Broad-Leaved Forests......Page 279
  4.3.4 Features of the Deadwood Decomposition......Page 285
  4.3.5 Conclusion......Page 290
  4.4.1 General Description of the Study Area......Page 291
  4.4.2 Succession Series......Page 293
  4.4.3 Conclusion......Page 301
 4.5 Plant Diversity and Successional Stages of Forests After Cutting and Ploughing in the Southern Moscow Region......Page 303
  4.5.1 Land-use History of the Region......Page 304
  4.5.2 General Description and Species Diversity of the Vegetation Communities......Page 305
  4.5.3 Structure of the Tree and Shrub Populations in Different Forest Types......Page 311
   4.5.3.1 Querceto-Tilieta Nemorosa......Page 312
   4.5.3.2 Betuleta Nemorosa......Page 315
   4.5.3.3 Betuleta Prato-Nemoroherbosa......Page 317
   4.5.3.4 Pineta Nemorosa......Page 321
  4.5.4 Forecasts of the Development of Island Forest Tracts......Page 322
  4.5.5 Experience in Restoration of Broad-Leaved Forest with Picea abies......Page 324
  4.5.6 Conclusion......Page 326
 4.6 Conclusions on the Hemiboreal Forest Region......Page 327
 References......Page 329
Chapter 5: Nemoral Forests......Page 345
 5.1 Prodromus of the Vegetation and Forest Distribution in the Nemoral Region......Page 346
  5.1.2 Section: Green Moss Forests......Page 347
  5.1.3 Section: Herb Forests......Page 349
  5.1.4 Section: Nemoral Swamp Forests......Page 370
  5.1.5 Section: Sphagnum Forests......Page 371
 5.2 Features of the Historical Land Use in the Nemoral Region......Page 372
  5.2.1 Conclusion......Page 382
  5.3.1 History of the Reserve Area......Page 383
  5.3.2 Methods of Investigation......Page 388
  5.3.3 General Description of the Vegetation......Page 389
  5.3.4 Plant Diversity Assessment......Page 410
  5.3.5 Forest Recovery on Abandoned Agricultural Lands......Page 414
  5.3.6 Conclusion......Page 421
 5.4 Eighty Years of Vegetation Dynamics in the Voronezh State Nature Reserve......Page 422
  5.4.1 Methods of Investigation......Page 426
  5.4.2 General Description of the Vegetation......Page 427
  5.4.3 Eighty Years of Vegetation Dynamics......Page 450
  5.4.4 Conclusion......Page 456
  5.5.1 General Description of the Nerussa-Desna Polesie......Page 457
  5.5.2 Study Area and Methods of Investigation......Page 459
  5.5.3 Succession in Pinus sylvestris Forests at the Tops of the Ridges......Page 460
  5.5.4 Succession in Pinus sylvestris Forests on the Slopes of the Ridges......Page 470
  5.5.5 Conclusion......Page 472
 5.6 Conclusion on the Nemoral Forest Region......Page 474
 References......Page 477
Chapter 6: Floodplains......Page 489
   6.1.1.1 Hygrophilous Herb Willow Forests......Page 491
   6.1.3.1 Nitrophilous–Boreal Tall Herb Spruce(–Fir) Forests......Page 493
   6.1.4.1 Hygrophilous Tall Herb Grey Alder Forests......Page 495
  6.1.5 Long Inundated Old Parts of Floodplains in the Boreal Forest Region......Page 496
   6.1.5.1 Hygrophilous-Nitrophilous Tall Herb Spruce (-Fir) Forests......Page 497
 6.2 Nemoral Floodplains......Page 498
   6.2.1.1 Nitrophilous Tall Herb Willow-Poplar Forests......Page 499
   6.2.2.1 Hygrophilous Tall Herb Willow–Poplar Forests......Page 500
   6.2.3.1 Nemoral Herb Broad-Leaved Forests......Page 501
   6.2.3.2 Boreal-Nemoral Herb Broad-Leaved Spruce (-Fir) Forests......Page 502
   6.2.4.1 Nemoral-Nitrophilous Herb Broad-Leaved Forests......Page 503
   6.2.5.1 Hygrophilous-Nitrophilous Tall Herb Black Alder Forests......Page 505
   6.3.1.1 Nitrophilous Tall Herb Willow-Poplar Forests......Page 508
   6.3.3.1 Meadow Herb Broad-Leaved Forests......Page 510
   6.3.4.2 Nitrophilous Tall Herb Black Alder Forests......Page 513
   6.4.1.1 Hygrophilous-Nitrophilous Tall Herb Willow Forests......Page 514
 6.5 Conclusion......Page 515
 References......Page 516
Chapter 7: Forest Cover Dynamics at the End of the Twentieth and the Beginning of the Twenty-First Centuries......Page 520
 References......Page 523
Chapter 8: Development of the European Russian Forests in the Holocene......Page 525
 8.1 Conclusion......Page 538
 References......Page 541
General Index......Page 547
Index of Plant Communities......Page 554
Index of Plant Names......Page 561