European Drug Policies The Ways of Reform

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
List of contributors
Acknowledgements
Foreword
European drug policies in context
	European drug policies in historical context
	European powers in international drug policy
	European Union drug policy
	Diversity of European domestic drug policies
	Convergence of European drug policies
	Purpose and structure of the book
	References
PART I: Regional dimensions of European drug policies
	1. The politics of expertise and EU drug policy
		The EU and drugs: policy, but not as we know it
		Experts, drugs and European policy: a long view
		Epistemic communities: a brief outline
		Contemporary patterns: back to the future?
		Conclusion
		References
	2. Pathways to integration of European drug policy
		Introduction
		Policy integration and the European Union
		Integration and drug policy
		Pathways to integration
		Conclusion
		References
	3. The soft power of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
		Introduction
		EMCDDA: independence under control
		Providing expertise: between political constraints and the demands of science
		Conclusion
		References
PART II: Domestic drug policies in Europe
	4. Belgian drug policy
		Introduction
		Belgian drug regulation at the beginning of the twentieth century: A course clearly dictated by international law
		The gradual construction of a social problématique related to
drug consumption
		Security as a factor of criminalisation and as resistance to the decriminalisation of behaviours surrounding drug use
		Health policies, from a security perspective, in the shadow of the criminal justice system
		Conclusion
		References
	5. Danish drug policy
		Danish drug policy before the welfare state
		Drug misuse as a social and criminological problem
		Youth drugs and the welfare state: a normal social problem
		Policy responses to the new drug problem
		Methadone, the ‘old drug abuser’, and the introduction
of harm reduction in Denmark
		Medicalisation of drug treatment
		Criminalisation of drug users
		Harm reduction
		Sick and deviant drug users
		Conclusion
		References
	6. French drug policy
		Introduction
		History of drug law and national policy framework
		Policy discussions and drug reform initiatives
		Conclusion
		References
	7. German drug policy
		Introduction
		History of German drug policy
		Present legal framework
		Drivers of change and conservative forces in current policy
		How can drug policy be explained? Modernity’s deep unconscious fear of intoxication
		References
	8. Italian drug policy
		The origins of drug legislation and the shift to prohibition
		From the 1970s to the 1990s: the mild approach versus the moral model
		Criminalisation versus treatment? The ambiguities of the social solidarity approach
		The victimisation of the drug addict
		The introduction of harm reduction
		After the referendum (1993–2006): lessons learnt from the decriminalisation experience
		The second punitive shift (2006–2014)
		Drug policy reformers break the stalemate?
		References
	9. Drug policy in the Netherlands
		Introduction
		History and legal framework of Dutch drug policy
		Recent Dutch drug policy (1995–present): continuity and change
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
	10. Polish drug policy
		Introduction
		Drug use in Poland
		Drug policy setting institutions and expenditures
		Polish drug legislation
		Shaping Poland’s current drug policy
		References
	11. Portuguese drug policy
		Introduction
		History of drug law and policy
		Existing legal framework
		Drivers of change
		Conclusion
		References
	12. Spanish drug policy
		History
		Current framework regarding drug consumption, possession and trafficking
		References
	13. Swedish drug policy
		Framing the problem
		Drug policy design
		Treatment of drug users
		Harm reduction programmes
		Discussion
		References
	14. Swiss drug policy
		A drug policy like any other: 1920–1975
		The building up of a drugs crisis: 1975–1985
		Drug policy change: 1985–1995
		The (incomplete) institutionalisation of the new policy: 1995–2005
		Institutionalisation at last and the ongoing cannabis debate: 2005–present
		Understanding Switzerland’s drug policy change
		References
	15. Drug policy in the United Kingdom
		Introduction
		Twentieth-century history of drug law and policy
		Trends in drug use
		Legal framework, sentencing and policing practices
		Drivers of continuity and change
		Indicators of policy success and failure
		Conclusion
		References
PART III: Trends and prospects in European drug policies
	16. Changing paradigms in drug policies in EU Member States: from digression to convergence
		Introduction
		Approach
		Three key convergence trends
		The process: convergence of policies
		The content: changing paradigms
		Key contextual factors
		Stakeholders
		Conclusions
		References
	17. The changing face of harm reduction in Europe
		Introduction
		The pioneer years
		Mainstreaming and scaling up
		Consolidation and diversification
		Challenges for the future
		Conclusion
		References
	18. Legal responses to drug possession in Europe: from crime to public health
		Introduction
		Reducing the criminal justice approach
		The public health approach
		From criminal justice to public health: the different journeys
		New psychoactive substances and new responses?
		Discussion
		References
	19. Cannabis social clubs in Europe: prospects and limits
		Introduction
		CSCs in Europe and elsewhere: different contexts and practices
		Unclear legal status of the CSCs
		CSCs as an alternative model for supply
		Cannabis social clubs: prospects and limits
		Concluding reflections
		References
Index