Europe Today: A Twenty-First Century Introduction, Sixth Edition

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Timeline of Events Leading to the Current State of the European Union
Common Acronyms
List of Illustrations
	Boxes
	Figures
	Tables
Introduction
	Young and Dynamic
	Oppressed and Self-Assertive
	Responsible and Disadvantaged
	Looking Ahead
	Suggested Readings
	References
Part I: Country Studies
Chapter 1: United Kingdom: The United Kingdom and Its Disunited People
	British Politics Since 1945: Consensus, Breakdown, Consensus
		The Postwar Consensus
		Thatcherism and the Forging of a New Consensus
		New Labour: Social Democracy in a Thatcherite Framework
		Austerity, Brexit, and a Political Realignment
		Labour in Opposition during an Age of Austerity
		Convergence?
	Brexit: Symptom, Not Cause
		Getting In
		Getting Doubts
		The Labour Party
		Getting Out
	Governing Britain: Challenges to the Westminster Model
		Challenges to the Westminster Model
		A Myth to Guide Action
	The Disunited Kingdom
		Scotland
		Northern Ireland
		Wales
		England
	Conclusion
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 2: France: The Macron Presidency: Transformation, Regression or Stasis?
	The Economic Challenge
		Ending State Planning and Reforming the Welfare State
		Sarkozy’s Economic Rupture, Hollande’s Stabilization, and Macron’s Liberalization
	Politics and Society
		Peripheral France versus la France d’en haut
		Immigration and Identity in the Age of Globalization
		Immigration Policy since the 2000s
		French Politics in the Age of Globalization
		Reasserting the “Jupiterian” Presidency
	Conclusion
	Notes
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 3: Germany: The Search for a New Compass
	The Paradoxes of the Merkel Era and the Resulting Domestic Uncertainties
		The Realignment of the German Party System
		The Continued East-West Divide
		New Socioeconomic and Demographic Realities
		Housing
		The Need for a Modernization of “Deutschland AG”
	Global Uncertainties and a Search for Germany’s New Geopolitical Compass
		Germany in the European Union
		Transatlantic Ties after Trump and Merkel
		Germany and Russia
		Increasing Tensions with China
	Conclusion
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 4: Italy: When Old Meets New
	The Weight of the Past
	The Many Pathologies of the Italian First Republic
	The Difficult Transition between the First and the Second Republic
	Foreign Policy: The Least of the Great Powers
	Party System Change, Electoral and Institutional Reforms
	After 2013: Antiestablishment Populism and the Curious Mix of Old and New
	Conclusion: When Old Meets New
	Notes
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 5: Scandinavia: Still the Middle Way?
	The Meaning of the Middle Way
		The Nordic Model
		A Social Laboratory
	Domestic Politics: How Different Is Scandinavia?
		Social Democracy and European Development: Success, Then Crisis
		Political Democracy Scandinavian Style
		Political Actors
		Parties and Party Systems
		Interest Groups
		Restraining the Governors
	The Welfare State and Economic Stability
	The Roads to Europe
		Nordic Balance
		Scandinavia and the EU
		Reluctant Europeans?
	Volatile Times
	Notes
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 6: Spain: The Pain and the Strain
	From the Democratic Transition to the Great Recession (1975–2008)
		The Reasons for the Success
		The Main Causes of the Crisis
	The Consequences of the 2008 Crisis
	Political Consequences
	The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic
	Conclusion
	Notes
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 7: Poland: The Deconsolidation of Democracy
	Liberalism after Communism
	Whose Poland Is It to Be? From the Breakthrough of Democracy to the “War at the Top”
	Democratic in Form, Christian in Content? Constituting the New Poland
	A Poland Richer But Less Happy
	Poland’s Political Earthquake: The Return of Transition Anxieties
	The Short “Fourth Republic”: Poland’s Populist Moment
	Warm Water in the Tap: The Liberal Interregnum
	“Positive Change”: The Illiberal Counterrevolution
	Conclusion
	Notes
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 8: Russia: Back to Authoritarianism
	Putin’s Rise to Power
		The Painful 1990s
		Russia’s Second President
		Super-Presidentialism
		Managed Democracy
		The Rise of a New Political Class
		Less Free but Happier?
	From Managed Democracy to Rule by Strongman
		Controlling the Public Sphere
		Nationalism and Popular Mobilization
		Power and Plunder
		The Gathering Clouds
	Russia Leaves the West
		The Question of NATO
		Energy Diplomacy
	Conclusion
	Notes
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 9: Turkey: The European Dream
	A Complex Past and Present
	The Cold War: Democracy and Military Guardianship
	The Lost Decade
	The AKP Era: What Went Right?
	What Went Wrong?
	The Kurdish Unraveling and Erdoğan’s Turn to Kemalism
	Conclusion: A Gaullist Turkey?
	Suggested Readings
	References
Part II: Thematic Chapters
Chapter 10: European Integration in an Age of Crisis
	Origins
	The European Coal and Steel Community
	The European Community
	The Single European Act
	The Community Becomes a Union
	The Treaty of Maastricht
	Enlargement, the Euro, and Institutional Reform
	The Twenty-First Century: Triumph, Crisis, Recovery
	The Crisis Decade
	Recovery
	The Pandemic and Its Aftermath
	Suggested Reading
	References
Chapter 11: Economic Governance
	Establishing the Euro
	From the Global Financial Crisis to the Euro Crisis
	Preventing a New Euro Crisis: Fiscal and Economic Reforms
		The Six-Pack
		The Fiscal Compact and Two-Pack
		The European Semester
	Saving the System
		The European Central Bank
			The ECB’s Unconventional Monetary Policy
			The ECB’s Political Role
		The European Stability Mechanism
		The Eurogroup
	Banking Union as a Gateway to Further Integration
		State of Play
		Capital Markets Union and Competition Policy
		Competition Policy and State Aid
		Tying It Altogether
	New Crisis, New Solutions
	Conclusion: Healing Divisions
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 12: Varieties of Capitalism and Financial Regimes
	Varieties of Capitalism and Optimal Currency Areas
	The United States and Europe Compared
	Europe: Two Opposing Growth Models
	The Role of Financial Regimes
	Europe after Covid-19
	Notes
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 13: Migration and Islam
	European Muslims: A Brief History of Migration
	Who Are the Muslims in Europe Today?
		Immigration, New Ethnic Minorities, and Integration Policies
		Economic Consequences
	Has Multiculturalism Failed?
		The Meaning of Multiculturalism
		Success and Failure
		Striking the Balance
	Migration, Public Opinion, and the Politics of Fear
	Knocking on Europe’s Door
	The Way Forward: Ideas for a Better Integration of Islam in the European Future
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 14: Europe’s Troubled Neighborhoods
	The Eu and Its Neighborhood: From Terrae Incognitae to a Ring of Friends or a Ring of Fire?
	Instability and Conflict in the Eu’s Neighborhood
		Political Instability: The Democracy versus Stability Dilemma
		(In-)Security and Conflict Zones in the EU’s Neighborhood
			Migration
			Conflict Resolution
	EU’s Neighborhood Policy (In-)Effectiveness: Explaining Factors
		Internal Factors
			Composite Policymaking
			Policy Coherence and Consistency
			Bureaucracies and Decision Making
			Limited Foreign Policy Resources
		Domestic Factors in the Neighboring States
			Political Regime and Foreign Policy Priorities
			Informal State Structures and Institutions
			Domestic Cost-Benefit Calculations
			Identity and Resonance of the EU’s Values among the Population
		External Factors
			Evolution of the International System
			Other Global/Regional Actors
	Conclusion
	Notes
	Suggested Readings
	References
Chapter 15: Turmoil and Tension in Transatlantic Relations
	Tensions within Transatlantic Security
		NATO’s Post–Cold War Transformations
		The Transatlantic Response to Russian Revanchism
		The Ongoing Burden-Sharing Dispute
		The European Union Seeks More Security Autonomy
		Difficulties in Cooperative Crisis Management
		Deteriorating Relations with Turkey
	Economic Relations in Distress
	Growing Political and Social Cleavages
	Repairing the Atlantic Community?
	Suggested Readings
	References
Conclusion: The Age of Perpetual Crisis?
	The Uncertain Road Ahead
	Looming Questions
	References
Glossary
Index
About the Contributors