Europe's Early Fieldscapes: Archaeologies of Prehistoric Land Allotment

Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
1: Europe’s Early Land Allotment: Questions of Time, Scale and Stewardship
	1.1	 Fieldscapes: Global and European Issues
	1.2	 Methods
	1.3	 Ambitions
	1.4	 A Future for Field system Research
	1.5	 Chapter Summaries
		1.5.1	 Mappings Fieldscapes
		1.5.2	 New Methods
		1.5.3	 In-Depth Archaeological Investigations of Field Systems
		1.5.4	 The Economy of Fieldscapes
	1.6	 Final Remarks
	References
2: Enclosing and Dividing Land: The Neolithic and Bronze Age Field Systems of Shetland
	2.1	 The Archaeology of Prehistoric Shetland: Houses, Fields and Function
	2.2	 Mapping the Neolithic and Bronze Age Field Systems of Shetland
	2.3	 Homestead Enclosures
	2.4	 Field Systems
	2.5	 Enclosing and Dividing Land: The Neolithic and Bronze Age Field Systems of Shetland
	2.6	 Conclusions
	References
3: Formation, Use and Chronology of Celtic Fields: New Perspectives from the Groningen Celtic Field Research Programme
	3.1	 Later Prehistoric Agricultural Landscapes in the Low Countries
	3.2	 Prelude: A Long-term Perspective on Fields and Subsistence – And Its (in)Visibility
	3.3	 Celtic Fields and Where to Find Them
	3.4	 Celtic Fields and How to Date Them
	3.5	 How Celtic Field Banks Came to Be
	3.6	 Celtic Field Economy
	3.7	 A Cultural-Landscape Approach to Celtic Fields: The Before and During
	3.8	 Fields of Opportunity: What Is Left to Learn?
	References
4: A Large-Area Prehistoric Cultural Landscape in the Sachsenwald Forest Near Hamburg
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Sachsenwald Celtic Fields
	4.3	 Celtic Field Land Forms
	4.4	 Implications
	References
5: A Sheep’s Eye View: Land Division, Livestock and People in Later Prehistoric Somerset, UK
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Background
	5.3	 Livestock in the Landscape – Understanding the Needs of the Animals
	5.4	 Managing Grazing – Understanding the Contribution of the Land
	5.5	 Fields as Infrastructure
	5.6	 Model Systems
	5.7	 Applying the Models – Cadbury Castle and its Environs, Somerset, UK
	5.8	 Time and Place – Discussion
	5.9	 Conclusion
	References
6: Terraced Crop Fields in the Eastern Pyrenean Mountains (France): The View from Pedoarchaeology
	6.1	 Cultivated Fields, Soils and Palaeosols in Terraced Mountains
		6.1.1	 The Dating of Terraces
		6.1.2	 Bronze Age Fields in the Mediterranean Mountains
		6.1.3	 Bronze Age Agricultural Terraces
		6.1.4	 Archaeology and Soil Science
	6.2	 A mountain Only for Shepherds?
	6.3	 Under the Grassland, the Crop Fields
	6.4	 The Spread of Terraced Field Systems
	6.5	 The Significance of Mountainous Crop Fields in Terms of Social and Territorial Organization
		6.5.1	 Soil Improvement at High Altitude and Agricultural Know-How
		6.5.2	 Settlement and Land-Use Patterns from Bottom-Up and Top-Down
	References
7: Fields and Farming-Systems in Bronze Age Scotland
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 The Extent of the Bronze Age Landscape
	7.3	 The Character of Settlement
	7.4	 The Landscape Context of Burnt Mounds
	7.5	 The Character of Fields and Enclosures
	7.6	 A Landscape System in Action
	7.7	 Conclusion
	References
8: Terraced Fields, Farming, and Farmers at the Settlements of Kalamianos and Stiri, Greece
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Terraces in the Bronze Age Aegean
	8.3	 Field Methodology and Results
	8.4	 Cultivation at Kalamianos and Stiri
	8.5	 Changed Land, Changed Labour
	8.6	 Women’s Farm Work
	8.7	 Terrace Construction as Agricultural Labour
	8.8	 Conclusions and More Questions
	References
9: The Changing Fieldscapes of Loughcrew: New Insights from Airborne Lidar
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 The Loughcrew Landscape
	9.3	 The Loughcrew Landscape Project
	9.4	 Linear Features and Boundaries
		9.4.1	 Categorising Boundaries
		9.4.2	 Irregular Banks
		9.4.3	 Rectilinear Boundaries
		9.4.4	 Boundary Changes
	9.5	 The Effect of the more Recent Land Use
	9.6	 Conclusions
	References
10: My Home Is My Castle! Field Systems and Farms: Rhythm and Land Appropriation During the Bronze Age in North-West France (2300–800 BCE)
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 The Third Millennium: Twenty-First – Eighteenth Century BCE
		10.2.1	 A Historical Interpretation
	10.3	 The Seventeenth–Sixteenth Centuries BCE
		10.3.1	 A Historical Interpretation
	10.4	 The Fifteenth–Thirteenth Centuries BCE
		10.4.1	 A Historical Interpretation
	10.5	 Thirteenth–Twelfth Centuries BCE
		10.5.1	 A Historical Interpretation
	10.6	 Conclusion
	References
11: Tracing the Remains of a Late Bronze Age Field System in Central Mainland Greece
	11.1	 Glas and the Late Bronze Age Drainage of the Kopais
	11.2	 Geophysical Results
		11.2.1	 Connecting Glas with the Drainage System
		11.2.2	 Evidence of an Irrigated Agricultural Field System
	11.3	 ‘Ground-Truthing’ the Character and Nature of the Anomalies
	11.4	 Age of the Features
	11.5	 Other AROURA Investigations
	11.6	 Reconstruction of the Hydraulic Systems, and Bronze Age Comparanda
		11.6.1	 Hypothetical Reconstruction
	11.7	 Cases for Comparison
	11.8	 Why the Hydraulic Engineering?
	References
12: Reconstructing Enclosed and Parcelled Out Landscapes from the First Millennium BC in Himmerland, Denmark: Arable Fields, Grazing Land and Settlement Patterns Examined in Three Micro-regions
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Sources and Methods
	12.3	 The Vegetation History of Western Himmerland
	12.4	 Cultivated land and Sediment Deposition
	12.5	 The Topography and the Settlement History of Skørbæk Hede
	12.6	 Land Use at Skørbæk Hede
	12.7	 The Topography and Settlement History Around Gundersted
	12.8	 Land Use at Gundersted
	12.9	 The Topography and Settlement History at Store Binderup
	12.10	 Land Use at Store Binderup
	12.11	 Land Use in the Micro-regions: A Summary
	12.12	 Settlements in Himmerland During the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age and Their Relation to Field Systems
	12.13	 Conclusion
	References
13: Understanding the Chronologies of England’s Field Systems
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Project Context and Aims
	13.3	 Methodology
		13.3.1	 Sources
		13.3.2	 Database Structure
		13.3.3	 Field System Categorisation
		13.3.4	 Dating Methods
		13.3.5	 Biases
	13.4	 Dating Methods and Materials
	13.5	 Dating Strategies
	13.6	 Geographic Variation
	13.7	 Chronological Variation by Region
	13.8	 Chronological Variation by Type
		13.8.1	 Aggregated Fields
		13.8.2	 Coaxial Fields
		13.8.3	 Linear Land Division (Including Pit Alignments)
		13.8.4	 Uncategorised Boundaries and Field Systems
	13.9	 Discussion and Conclusions
		13.9.1	 Historical Narratives
		13.9.2	 Methodologies and Data Standards
	Appendix: Table of Sites
	References
14: The Prehistoric Agrarian Management Pattern in the Volcanic Landscape of the Campanian Plain, Southern Italy
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Campanian Plain: A Geo-Archaeological Overview
	14.3	 Prehistoric Settlement and Agrarian Evidence in the Campanian Plain
		14.3.1	 The Territory of Gricignano d’Aversa, Caserta Province
		14.3.2	 The Prehistoric Evidence Between the Rivers Clanis/Regi Lagni and Sebeto
		14.3.3	 Naples Underground Lines and Fuorigrotta
	14.4	 Discussion
	14.5	 Conclusions
	References
Index