Ethylene in Plant Biology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Ethylene Implication in Root Development
	1.1 Ethylene and Its Role in Overall Plant Development
	1.2 Ethylene Response Pathway in Plants
	1.3 Root Development in Plants
		1.3.1 Organization of Plant Root Systems
		1.3.2 Factors Controlling Root Development
	1.4 Ethylene-Mediated Regulation of Root Development
		1.4.1 Ethylene and Primary Root Growth
		1.4.2 Ethylene and Lateral Root Development
		1.4.3 Ethylene and Root Hair Development
		1.4.4 Ethylene and Tropic Responses of RSA
	1.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 2 Crosstalk of Ethylene and Other Phytohormones in the Regulation of Plant Development
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Ethylene in the Regulation of Plant Development
	2.3 Ethylene Crosstalk with Other Hormones During Plant Development
		2.3.1 Ethylene and Auxin
		2.3.2 Ethylene and Gibberellic Acid
		2.3.3 Ethylene and Cytokinin
		2.3.4 Ethylene and Abscisic Acid
		2.3.5 Ethylene and Salicylic Acid
		2.3.6 Ethylene and Jasmonic Acid
		2.3.7 Ethylene and Brassinosteroids
		2.3.8 Ethylene and Strigolactones
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Ethylene and Regulation of Metabolites in Plants
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Importance of Metabolites in Plants
	3.3 Influence of Ethylene on the Regulation of Plant Metabolites
		3.3.1 Influence on Primary Metabolites
		3.3.2 Influence on Secondary Metabolites
		3.3.3 Terpenoids
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Ethylene as a Multitasking Regulator of Abscission Processes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Ethylene as a Signal for Separation in Abscising Organs
		4.2.1 Promotion of Organ Abscission
		4.2.2 Developmentally Timed Abscission
		4.2.3 Organ Separation Triggered by Exogenous Factors
	4.3 Ethylene Function in the Abscission Zone
		4.3.1 Abscission Zone
		4.3.2 Ethylene as a Stimulator of Abscission Zone Activity
		4.3.3 Cell Wall Reorganization
		4.3.4 Modifications of Redox Balance and Lipid Homeostasis
		4.3.5 Spatial Diversity of Processes Occurring in the Abscission Zone
	4.4 Ethylene and Hormonal Co-Workers
		4.4.1 Abscisic Acid
		4.4.2 Auxins
		4.4.3 Jasmonates, Gibberellins, and Other Signaling Compounds
	4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 5 Ethylene: : A Powerful Coordinator of Drought Responses
	5.1 Drought as a Limiting Factor for Plant Growth and Development
	5.2 Roots First Encounters Drought Stress
	5.3 The Response of Aboveground Parts to Water Deficits in Soil
	5.4 The ET-Dependent Mechanism that Plants Utilize to Cope with the Effects of Drought
	5.5 Ethylene Interactions with Other Hormones in Drought Responses
	5.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 6 Current Understanding of Ethylene and Fruit Ripening
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Ethylene and Fruit Ripening
	6.3 Ethylene Biosynthesis in Fruits
		6.3.1 ACC Synthase
		6.3.2 ACC Oxidase in Fruits
	6.4 Ethylene Perception and Signaling
	6.5 Altered Ethylene Perception Impairs Fruit Ripening
	6.6 Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Fruit Ripening
	6.7 Ripening-Related Promoters
	6.8 Genetic Manipulation of Fruit Ripening
	6.9 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 7 Ethylene and ROS Crosstalk in Plant Developmental Processes
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Ethylene Acts as a Plant Hormone in Gaseous Form
		7.1.2 ROS/AOS as a Signal Transduction Molecule: An Overview
	7.2 ET Releases Seeds, Breaks Bud Dormancy, and Promotes Germination
		7.2.1 Interaction of Ehylene and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Seed and Bud Dormancy Release and Germination
	7.3 Ethylene Regulates Cell Division and Cell Elongation
		7.3.1 Ethylene Regulates Cell Division
		7.3.2 Ethylene and Cell Elongation
	7.4 Ethylene and Apical Hook Development
	7.5 Ethylene and Hypocotyl Growth
	7.6 Ethylene and Root Growth Development
	7.7 Ethylene in Leaf Growth and Development
	7.8 Ethylene Induces Epinasty and Hyponasty
	7.9 Ethylene and Flower Development
	7.10 Ethylene Promotes the Ripening of Some Fruits
	7.11 Ethylene Promotes Leaf, Flower, and Fruit Abscission
	7.12 Ethylene Induces Senescence
		7.12.1 Ethylene in Leaf Senescence
		7.12.2 Ethylene in Flower Senescence
		7.12.3 Ethylene in Fruit Senescence
	7.13 Ethylene and Cell Death
	7.14 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 8 Role of Ethylene in Flower and Fruit Development
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Involvement of Ethylene in the Control of the Flowering Transition
	8.3 Involvement of Ethylene in Flower Development
		8.3.1 Stamen and Pollen Development
		8.3.2 Ovary and Ovules Development
		8.3.3 Petal Development and Flower Opening
		8.3.4 Floral Organ Senescence and Abscission
	8.4 Involvement of Ethylene in Sex Determination and Unisexual Flower Development
	8.5 Involvement of Ethylene in Fruit Development
		8.5.1 Ethylene Suppresses Fruit Set and Early Fruit Development
		8.5.2 Ethylene Regulation of Fruit Shape
	References
Chapter 9 Ethylene and Nutrient Regulation in Plants
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Biosynthesis and Signaling of Ethylene
	9.3 Availability of Mineral Nutrients in Plants
	9.4 Ethylene and Regulation of Mineral Nutrients in Plants
		9.4.1 Macronutrients
		9.4.2 Micronutrients
		9.4.3 Beneficial Elements
	9.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 10 Plant Metabolism Adjustment in Exogenously Applied Ethylene under Stress
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Phytohormones and Stress
	10.3 Ethylene
	10.4 Ethylene and Stress
		10.4.1 Salinity
		10.4.2 Metal Toxicity
		10.4.3 Flooding Stress
		10.4.4 Low-Temperature Stress
		10.4.5 High-Temperature and Humidity Stress
		10.4.6 Mechanical Stress (Wounding)
	10.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 11 Role of ET and ROS in Salt Homeostasis and Salinity Stress Tolerance and Transgenic Approaches to Making Salt-Tolerant Crops
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Salt Homeostasis and Salt Stress Management
		11.1.2 ROS Homeostasis and Salt Stress Management
		11.1.3 ET and Salt Stress Management
	11.2 Discussion
	References
Chapter 12 Ethylene and Phytohormone Crosstalk in Plant Defense Against Abiotic Stress
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Ethylene Biosynthesis and Signaling Pathways
	12.3 Role of Plant Hormones in Plant Stress Responses
	12.4 Plant Hormones Crosstalk with Ethylene in Plant Defense against Abiotic Stress
	12.5 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 13 Mechanism for Ethylene Synthesis and Homeostasis in Plants: Current Updates
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Mechanism of Ethylene Hormone Biosynthesis
		13.2.1 Salvage Pathway
	13.3 Regulation of the Ethylene Synthesis Pathway
	13.4 Ethylene Hormone Homeostasis: Current Updates
		13.4.1 Ethylene in Root Development
		13.4.2 Ethylene in Leaf Growth and Development
		13.4.3 Leaf Senescence
		13.4.4 Floral Development
		13.4.5 Floral Senescence
		13.4.6 Fruit Senescence
		13.4.7 Fruit Ripening
		13.4.8 Essential Elements
	13.5 Ethylene’s Importance in Biotic and Abiotic Homeostasis
		13.5.1 Salinity
	13.6 ROS Scavenging Mechanisms Through Ethylene Regulation
	13.7 ET Crosstalk
	13.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Ethylene and Nitric Oxide Under Salt Stress: Exploring Regulatory Interactions
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Mediation of Salt Tolerance by Ethylene and Nitric Oxide
	14.3 Regulatory Interactions Between Ethylene and NO for Salt Tolerance
		14.3.1 Synthesis of Ethylene and NO and Points of Interaction
		14.3.2 Antioxidants
		14.3.3 Osmolytes
		14.3.4 Nutrients
		14.3.5 Glucose
		14.3.6 Stomatal Regulation
		14.3.7 Ion Homeostasis
	14.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 15 Ethylene and Metabolic Reprogramming under Abiotic Stresses
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Abiotic Stresses Change Gene Expression Patterns
		15.2.1 Ethylene in Stress Gene Expression Response
	15.3 Ethylene’s Role in Various Abiotic Stresses
		15.3.1 Ethylene Response to Flooding
		15.3.2 Ethylene Response to Epinasty
		15.3.3 Response of Ethylene to Drought Conditions
		15.3.4 Response of Ethylene to Cold
		15.3.5 Response of Ethylene to Salinity Stress
		15.3.6 Response of Ethylene to Wounds
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16 Regulation of Thermotolerance Stress in Crops by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Through Ethylene Homeostasis
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Synthesis of Ethylene in Plant Roots and Rhizobial Inoculation
	16.3 Basal and Acquired Thermotolerance
	16.4 Hormone Involvement in Heat Stress
	16.5 PGPR Influenced Ethylene Homeostasis
		16.5.1 Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses with ERFs and Redox Signaling
		16.5.2 Ethylene Responses in ERFs
	16.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 17 Ethylene: Signaling, Transgenics, and Applications in Crop Improvement
	17.1 Introduction to Ethylene
	17.2 Functions of Ethylene
	17.3 Ethylene and Signal Transduction
	17.4 Role of Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) in Fruit Ripening
	17.5 Ethylene Crosstalk During Ripening
	17.6 Regulating Ethylene Signal Transduction for Agricultural and Horticultural Uses
		17.6.1 Chemical Approach
	17.7 Gene- and Genomics-Related Approach
	17.8 Altering Ethylene Levels in Plants
	17.9 Inhibition of Fruit Ripening
		17.9.1 Antisense RNA Approach
		17.9.2 Overexpression Approach
		17.9.3 Genome Editing and Fruit Ripening
	17.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18 Role of Ethylene in Combating Biotic Stress
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Biotic Stress in Plants
	18.3 Ethylene Biosynthesis in Response to Stress
	18.4 Role of Ethylene in Reducing ROS Accumulation under Biotic Stress
	18.5 Role of Ethylene in Crop Yield under Biotic Stress
	18.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19 Ethylene and Nitric Oxide Crosstalk in Plants under Abiotic Stress
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Ethylene (ET): A Key Regulatory Molecule in Plants
	19.3 Crosstalk with Other Plant Hormones
	19.4 Role of Nitric Oxide (NO) in Plants
	19.5 NO Crosstalk with Plant Hormones
	19.6 ET and NO Crosstalk under Abiotic Stress
		19.6.1 ET-NO Crosstalk under Altered Temperature
		19.6.2 ET-NO Crosstalk under Drought
		19.6.3 ET-NO Crosstalk under Hypoxia
		19.6.4 ET-NO Crosstalk under Altered Radiation
		19.6.5 ET-NO Crosstalk under Salinity
		19.6.6 ET-NO Crosstalk under Nutrient Deficiencies
		19.6.7 ET-NO Crosstalk under Heavy Metal Stress
	19.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 20 Polyamine Metabolism and Ethylene Signaling in Plants
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 PA Metabolism (Polyamine Biosynthesis and Polyamine Catabolism)
		20.2.1 PA Biosynthesis
		20.2.2 PA Catabolism
		20.2.3 PA Distribution
	20.3 ET Biosynthesis, Perception, and Signal Transduction
	20.4 Molecular and Biochemical Aspects of ET Signaling
	References
Index
EULA