Ethnopharmacology

Content: Contributors xvii    Series Foreword xxi    Preface xxiii    Abbreviations xxvii    Ethnopharmacology: The Fundamental Challenges    1 Ethnopharmacology: A Short History of a Multidisciplinary Field of Research 3 Michael Heinrich    1.1 Introduction 3    Acknowledgements 8    References 8    2 Medicinal Plant Research: A Reflection on Translational Tasks 11 Anna K Jager    2.1 Introduction 11    2.2 Translational research: preclinical research 12    2.3 Translational research: clinical research 13    2.4 Reaching the patient 14    2.5 A    developed    traditional medicine system 14    References 16    3 The Anthropology of Ethnopharmacology 17 Ina Vandebroek and Daniel E. Moerman    3.1 Introduction 17    3.2 Primary example: Traditional medicine in New York City 18    3.3 An example from ancient Roman architecture 22    3.4 An example from native North America 23    3.5 Comparative ethnobotany 24    3.6 Conclusions 26    References 27    4 Quantitative and Comparative Methods in Ethnopharmacology 29 Marco Leonti and Caroline S. Weckerle    4.1 Introduction 29    4.2 Research questions 31    4.3 Field research 33    4.4 Analyzing the data 34    4.5 Pharmacological research 35    4.6 Contextualization 36    4.7 Conclusion 37    References 37    5 Biodiversity, Conservation and Ethnopharmacology 41 Vernon H. Heywood    5.1 Introduction 41    5.2 Changing attitudes to the ownership of biodiversity 42    5.3 Medicinal and aromatic plants as resources 43    5.4 How many species? 44    5.5 Chemical diversity 45    5.6 Wild harvesting and over-collection 45    5.7 Medicinal plant conservation 46    5.8 Conservation approaches 46    5.9 Protected areas 47    5.10 Community conservation 47    5.11 Genetic conservation 47    5.12 Cultivation 48    5.13 Conclusions 48    References 49    6 Ecopharmacognosy 53 Geoffrey A. Cordell    6.1 Introduction 53    6.2 Sustainable medicines and pharmacognosy 54    6.3 Ecopharmacognosy: background 55    6.4 Ecopharmacognosy practices 55    6.5 Conclusions 60    Acknowledgements 60    References 60    7 NMR-based Metabolomics and Hyphenated NMR Techniques: A Perfect Match in Natural Products Research 63 Joachim Mollesoe Vinther, Sileshi Gizachew Wubshet and Dan Staerk    7.1 Introduction 63    7.2 Metabolomics 64    7.3 Principles of NMR-based metabolomics 65    7.4 NMR-based metabolomics in natural products research 66    7.5 Hyphenated NMR techniques 68    7.6 Principle of HPLC-SPE-NMR 69    7.7 High-resolution bioassay-coupled HPLC-SPE-NMR 70    7.8 Combining metabolomics and hyphenated NMR techniques 71    7.9 Perspectives in ethnopharmacology 72    7.10 Conclusions 72    References 72    8 New Medicines Based On Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous and Intellectual Property Rights from an Ethnopharmacological Perspective 75 Michael Heinrich    8.1 Introduction 75    8.2 The legal framework 76    8.3 Industrial research in an ethnopharmacological context 77    8.4 Some case studies 79    8.5 Conclusions 83    Note 84    References 84    9 Ethnopharmacology and Intellectual Property Rights 87 Alan Hesketh    9.1 Introduction 87    9.2 Indigenous community rights and traditional knowledge 88    9.3 Identifying a partner 89    9.4 Hurdles in considering IP 91    9.5 Building an effective IP portfolio 91    9.6 The patentability of products of nature 93    9.7 Conclusion 95    References 95    10 Ethnopharmacology in Elementary, Primary and Secondary Education: Current Perspectives and Future Prospects 97 Alonso Verde, Diego Rivera, Jose Ramon Vallejo, Jose Fajardo, Concepcion Obon and Arturo Valdes    10.1 Introduction 97    10.2 Ethnopharmacology: a multidisciplinary subject for education 99    10.3 Developing an ethnopharmacological curriculum: some strategies 101    10.4 Conclusions 104    References 105    The Pharmacological Angle    11 Anti-infective Agents: The Example of Antibacterial Drug Leads 111 Maira Bidart de Macedo, Sofie Clais, Ellen Lanckacker, Louis Maes, Emerson Silva Lima and Paul Cos    11.1 Introduction 111    11.2 Bacterial resistance 112    11.3 Plant-derived antibacterial agents 112    11.4 Basic requirements for successful antimicrobial drug discovery (Cos et al., 2006) 118    11.5 Conclusion 119    References 120    12 Searching for New Treatments of Malaria 123 Colin W. Wright    12.1 Introduction 123    12.2 Traditional herbal remedies as a source of antimalarial lead compounds 123    12.3 Developments from established antimalarials 126    12.4 Non-traditional medicine sources of potential antimalarials 127    12.5 Alternative strategies in the search for natural antimalarial compounds 129    12.6 Herbal preparations for the treatment of malaria 130    12.7 Conclusion and future prospects 132    References 132    13 CNS Disorders 135 Anna K Jager    13.1 Introduction 135    13.2 Epilepsy 135    13.3 Depression and anxiety 137    13.4 Insomnia 139    13.5 Sedatives 139    13.6 Dementia 139    13.7 Conclusion 142    References 142    14 Respiratory Conditions 147 Adolfo Andrade-Cetto and Jorge Garcia-Alvarez    14.1 Introduction 147    14.2 Case studies 151    14.3 Conclusions 155    Acknowledgments 156    References 156    15 Can there be an Ethnopharmacology of Inflammation? 159 Michael Heinrich and Anthony Booker    15.1 Introduction 159    15.2 Ethnopharmacology of inflammation: some examples 161    15.3 Conclusions 166    References 166    16 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors and Downstream Signalling Pathways as Cancer Treatment Targets for Medicinal Plants 169 Ean-Jeong Seo, Ching-Fen Wu, Henny J. Greten and Thomas Efferth    16.1 Role of epidermal growth factor receptors for cancer biology 169    16.2 Inhibition of epidermal growth factor signalling by phytochemicals and medicinal plants 171    16.3 Conclusions and perspectives 173    References 174    17 From Ethnopharmacological Field Study to Phytochemistry and Preclinical Research: The Example of Ghanaian Medicinal Plants for Improved Wound Healing 179 Andreas Hensel, Emelia Kisseih, Matthias Lechtenberg, Frank Petereit, Christian Agyare and Alex Asase    17.1 Introduction 179    17.2 Results 180    17.3 Conclusion 196    References 196    18 Gynaecological, Andrological and Urological Problems: An Ethnopharmacological Perspective 199 Tinde van Andel, Hugo de Boer and Alexandra Towns    18.1 Introduction 199    18.2 Menstrual disorders 200    18.3 Postpartum use 201    18.4 Vaginal applications 202    18.5 Female infertility 204    18.6 Andrology 204    18.7 Urology 206    References 207    19 Ethnopharmacological Aspects of Bone and Joint Health 213 Elizabeth M. Williamson    19.1 Introduction 213    19.2 Current views of bone and joint disorders 214    19.3 Traditional views of bone disorders 216    19.4 Conclusions 224    References 224    20 Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders: An Ethnopharmacological Perspective 227 Adolfo Andrade Cetto    20.1 Introduction 227    20.2 Type-2 diabetes 228    20.3 Metabolic syndrome 230    20.4 Case studies 231    20.5 Conclusions 236    Acknowledgments 236    References 237    21 The Ethnopharmacology of the Food   Medicine Interface: The Example of Marketing Traditional Products in Europe 239 Gunter P. Eckert    21.1 Introduction 239    21.2 Medicinal products for human use 241    21.3 Food 243    21.4 Consumer protection - security and protection against fraud 245    21.5 Intended normal use: the distinction between medicinal products and foods 247    21.6 Conclusion 248    References 248    22 Retrospective Treatment-Outcome as a Method of Collecting Clinical Data in Ethnopharmacological Surveys 251 Bertrand Graz, Merlin Willcox and Elaine Elisabetsky    22.1 Introduction 251    22.2 Key concepts: clinical data, outcome and patient progress 252    22.3 Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of traditional medicines 253    22.4 The role of ethnopharmacologists and ethnobotanists 254    22.5 Collection of clinical data during ethnopharmacological field studies 255    22.6 Example of a method for gathering clinical data during field surveys 255    22.7 Conclusion: clinical data and field surveys for a positive impact on health 259    References 260    Ethnopharmacology: Regional Perspectives    23 Ethnopharmacology in Sub-Sahara Africa: Current Trends and Future Perspectives 265 Mack Moyo, Adeyemi O. Aremu and Johannes van Staden    23.1 Introduction 265    23.2 Role of traditional medicine in Africa 266    23.3 Ethnopharmacological research in sub-Saharan Africa 267    23.4 Challenges of traditional medicine in Africa 269    23.5 Future perspectives 272    23.6 Conclusions 273    Acknowledgements 273    References 273    24 Ethnopharmacology and Integrative Medicine: An Indian Perspective 279 Pulok K. Mukherjee, Sushil K. Chaudhary, Shiv Bahadur and Pratip K. Debnath    24.1 Ethnopharmacology and the development of traditional medicine in India 279    24.2 Biological wealth and ancient wisdom 281    24.3 Indian systems of medicine 281    24.4 Ayurveda: the Indian system of medicine 282    24.5 Siddha 286    24.6 Unani 287    24.7 Traditional knowledge digital library 287    24.8 Integrated approaches for the development of Indian traditional medicine 288    24.9 Conclusion 289    Acknowledgements 290    References 290    25 Chinese Medicine: Contentions and Global Complexities 293 Anthony Booker    25.1 Introduction 293    25.2 Ancient concepts meet scientific understanding 294    25.3 Traditional and modern dosage forms and application 296    25.4 Medicinal plant production in China 296    25.5 Quality and safety 297    25.6 Aristolochic acids 298    25.7 Regulatory requirements 298    25.8 Training practitioners of TCM 299    25.9 Future prospects 300    References 301    26 Chinese Medicinal Processing: A Characteristic Aspect of the Ethnopharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine 303 Ping Guo, Eric Brand and Zhongzhen Zhao    26.1 Introduction 303    26.2 Definition, methods and historical changes in Chinese medicinal processing 304    26.3 Present state of Chinese medicinal processing 310    26.4 Prospect for future developments in Chinese medicinal processing 315    References 315    27 A South-East Asian Perspective on Ethnopharmacology 317 Pravit Akarasereenont, Marianne J.R. Datiles, Natchagorn Lumlerdkij, Harisun Yaakob, Jose M. Prieto and Michael Heinrich    27.1 Introduction 317    27.2 Ethnopharmacology in Thailand 319    27.3 Ethnopharmacology in Malaysia 322    27.4 Ethnopharmacology in Indonesia 325    27.5 Ethnopharmacology in the Philippines 326    27.6 Ethnopharmacology in Vietnam 328    27.7 Ethnopharmacology in Myanmar, Lao PDR and Cambodia 328    27.8 Ethnopharmacology in Singapore and Brunei 328    27.9 Conclusion 328    Acknowledgement 329    References 329    28 Historical Approaches in Ethnopharmacology 333 Andreas Lardos    28.1 Introduction 333    28.2 Historical texts in ethnopharmacological research 334    28.3 Methodological aspects 335    28.4 Challenges in the analysis of historical texts 335    28.5 Opportunities offered by a historical approach 337    28.6 Conclusions 338    References 339    29 Medical Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Europe 343 Manuel Pardo-de-Santayana, Cassandra L. Quave, Renata Soukand and Andrea Pieroni    29.1 Introduction 343    29.2 A brief history of European medicinal plants studies 344    29.3 Modern European medico-ethnobotanical studies 345    29.4 European ethnomedicinal flora 350    29.5 Adaptation, syncretism and resilience of traditional pharmacopoeias 351    29.6 Pharmacological studies of European medicinal plants 351    29.7 Concluding remarks 352    References 352    30 Ethnopharmacology in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East:    The Sun Rises from the East, but Shines on the Eastern Mediterranean    357 Erdem Yesilada    30.1 Introduction 357    30.2 Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology in the Balkan region 358    30.3 Modern ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology in the Middle East 359    30.4 Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology in Turkey 361    30.5 Concluding remarks 362    References 362    31 Ethnopharmacology in Australia and Oceania 365 Graham Lloyd Jones and Nicholas J. Sadgrove    31.1 Introduction 365    31.2 Ethnopharmacological    classics    367    31.3 Australian aromatic plants 369    31.4 Recent developments: aromatic plants 371    31.5 Recent developments: cancer and HIV 376    31.6 Conclusion 376    References 377    32 Ethnopharmacology in Central and South America 379 Salvador Canigueral and Jaume Sanz-Biset    32.1 Introduction 379    32.2 The development of drugs 381    32.3 Beyond the development of new drugs 386    32.4 Bridging indigenous and western knowledge 387    32.5 Hallucinogens 388    32.6 Conclusion 389    References 389    33 Perspectives on Ethnopharmacology in Mexico 393 Robert Bye and Edelmira Linares    33.1 Introduction 393    33.2 Mexican tradition 394    33.3 Compilation of medicinal plants 396    33.4 Medicinal plant complex 398    33.5 Markets and medicinal plants 399    33.6 Bioprospection and conservation 399    33.7 Conclusions 401    Acknowledgements 401    References 401    34 Encounters with Elephants: A Personal Perspective on Ethnopharmacology 405 Peter J. Houghton    34.1 Introduction 405    34.2 The primacy of plants 406    34.3 Sources: dirty hands and databases 406    34.4 From cultural use to chemistry 407    34.5 Chemistry as a starter 407    34.6 Botany as a basis 408    34.7 Of mice and men and microwell plates 408    34.8 Aims and ethics 409    34.9 Molecules and mixtures 410    34.10 Tales of the unexpected 410    34.11 The end of the matter 411    References 411    Index 415