Ethnobiology of Mountain Communities in Asia

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Medicinal, Nutritional, and Spiritual Significance of Plants in Bhutan: Their Biodiscovery Potential and Conservation Status
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Location
		1.2 Terrain, Ecology, and Climate
		1.3 Plant Diversity
	2 Ethnobotanical Uses of Himalayan Plants in Bhutan
		2.1 Medicinal Plants Used in Scholarly Bhutanese Traditional Medicine
		2.2 Medicinal Plants Used in Folklore Medicines
		2.3 Wild Plants Used as Nutrients
		2.4 Wild Edible Mushrooms
		2.5 Wild Plants Used for Their Essential Oils
		2.6 Plants Used for Rituals and Other Spiritual Purposes
		2.7 Plants Used for Incense-Making
	3 Biodiscovery Potential of Himalayan Medicinal Plants
	4 Impact of Climate Change and Conservation of Plants
		4.1 Medicinal Plant Ecology
		4.2 Conservation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Ethnobotany of the Himalayas—Kashmir, India
	1 Introduction
	2 Location
	3 Geology
	4 Terrain
	5 Climate
	6 Flora and Vegetation
	7 Plant Use History
	8 Threats to Plant Diversity
	References
Food from Forest: Diversity of Wild Vegetables Used by Pwo People Thailand
	1 Introduction
	2 Pwo
	3 Study Area
	4 Data Collection
	5 Wild Vegetables Diversity
	6 Preferred Part and Favorite Way of Use
	7 Medicinal Vegetables
	8 Conclusion
	References
Study of Medicinal Plants of the Chitral Gol National Park (CGNP) with Special Emphasis on Future Conservation and Sustainability
	1 Introduction
	2 Mountain Boundaries
	3 Climate and Vegetation
	4 Geology
	5 Tourism Spots
	6 Chitral Gol National Park
	7 Flora and Fauna of the Chitral Gol National Park
	8 Study of Medicinal Plants of the Chitral Gol National Park
	9 Conservation Status of Medicinal Plants of CGNP
	10 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Ethnobotany of Western Himalayan Region, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
	1 Background
	2 Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)
		2.1 Geography
		2.2 History
		2.3 Demography
	3 Endemic Medicinal Plants
		3.1 Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC
		3.2 Hedera nepalensis Koch
		3.3 Achillea millefolium L.
		3.4 Senecio chrysanthemoides DC
		3.5 Saussurea lappa (Falc.) Lipsch
		3.6 Tagetes minuta L.
		3.7 Tussilago farfara L.
		3.8 Impatiens edgeworthii Hook
		3.9 Impatiens glandulifera Royle
		3.10 Berberis lycium Royle
		3.11 Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell
		3.12 Gentiana decumbens Wall
		3.13 Gentiana kurroo Royle
		3.14 Swertia petiolata D. Don
		3.15 Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet
		3.16 Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudsun
		3.17 Nepeta laevigata (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz
		3.18 Prunella vulgaris L.
		3.19 Thymus serpyllum L.
		3.20 Plantago lanceolata L.
		3.21 Plantago major L.
		3.22 Aconogoum alpinum Schur
		3.23 Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene
		3.24 Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall
		3.25 Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita
		3.26 Potentilla nepalensis Hook
		3.27 Rubus fruiticosus Hook
		3.28 Berginia ciliata Haw
		3.29 Urtica dioica L.
		3.30 Rosa macrophylla Lindley
		3.31 Viola odorata L.
	4 Threats and Conservation
	References
Floral Composition, Sustainable Utilization, and Conservation of Important Medicinal Plants in the Ayubia National Park, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Phyto-Diversity Reported from the Park
		3.2 Medicinal Flora
		3.3 Medicinal Plants of Ayubia National Park
		3.4 Floristic Composition of Ayubia National Park
		3.5 Medicinal Plants of Ayubia National Park
		3.6 Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Natural Flora
	4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Ethnomedicinal Uses of Plant Species from the Himalayas
	1 Introduction
	2 In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations on Himalayan Plants
	3 Conclusion
	References
Plant Resources and Their Uses in Salt Range, Pakistan
	1 Introduction
	2 Geography and Geology
	3 Climatic Conditions
	4 Soil and Topography
	5 Rainwater Reserves
	6 Plant Resources of Salt Range
	7 Phytosociological Investigations
	8 Human Plant Use History
	9 Threats to Phytodiversity
	References
Ethno-Medicinal Uses of Wildlife in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
	1 Introduction
	2 Some Important Animal Species of the Area
		2.1 Laudakia agrorensis
		2.2 Ptyas mucosus
		2.3 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
		2.4 Passer domesticus
		2.5 Columba livia
		2.6 Muntiacus muntjak
		2.7 Papilio bianor
	References
Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants of Tharu Community in Swathi Village, Nawalparasi District Nepal
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Data Analysis
			2.3.1 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
			2.3.2 Fidelity Level (FL)
	3 Result
		3.1 Diversity of Ethnobotanically Medicinal Plants
		3.2 Medicinal Plants in Multiple Use Categories to Treat Ailments
		3.3 Plant Parts Used and Mode of Preparation
		3.4 Different Ailments Treated
		3.5 Knowledge Variations Among Informants
		3.6 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
		3.7 Fidelity Level (FL)
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Diversity of Ethnobotanically Medicinal Plants
		4.2 Multiple Uses of Medicinal Plants
		4.3 Plant Parts Used
		4.4 Mode of Preparation
		4.5 Different Ailments Treated in the Study Area
		4.6 Knowledge Variations Among Informants
		4.7 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and Fidelity Level (FL)
	5 Conclusion
	6 Appendix: List of Ailments Categories, Biomedical Terms, Family, Local Names, Parts Use, Life-Form, and Mode of Use and Processing
	References
Ethnomedicinal Uses of Animals in Vicinity of Ayubia National Park, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Geography and Geology
		1.2 Fauna and Flora
	2 Ethnocultural Uses of Animals
	3 Ethnomedicinal Uses of Animals
	References
Ethnobotany of Karakorum, Pakistan
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Location
		1.2 Geology
		1.3 Physiography
		1.4 Climate
	2 Demography and Ethnography
	3 Land Use Pattern and Subsistence
	4 Hydrology and Crops
	5 Flora and Vegetation
	6 Plant Species Uses
	7 Threats and Conservation of Diversity
	References
Ethnobotany of Mountain Region of Himalaya, District Poonch, Azad Kashmir
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Location of the Study Area
		1.2 Geology
		1.3 Topography
		1.4 Terrain
		1.5 Climate
	2 Plant Use History
	3 Threats to Diversity
	References
Diversity and Uses of Wild Animals in Bagh, AJ&K, Pakistan
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Study Area
		1.2 Flora and Fauna
	2 Cultural Uses of Animals
	3 Ethnomedicinal Uses of Animals
	References
Ethnobotanical Appraisal of Medicinal Plants from Bajaur; A Remote Area of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan
	1 Background
	2 Study Area
		2.1 Historical Perspectives
		2.2 Physiography and Hydrology
		2.3 Climate and Agriculture
		2.4 Ethnography
		2.5 Vegetation
		2.6 Data Collection
	3 Medicinal Plant Diversity and Uses
	References
Folk Formulations of Asteraceae Species as Remedy for Different Ailments in Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
		2.1 Field Surveys and Data Collection
		2.2 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Demographic Features
		3.2 Floristic Diversity
		3.3 Treated Diseases
		3.4 Medicinal Plant Parts Used
		3.5 Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA)
		3.6 Principle Component Analysis (PCA)
		3.7 Species Response Curve (SRC)
		3.8 Species Disease Curve (SDC)
		3.9 Two-Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA)
		3.10 Neighbor Joining Clusters (NJC)
		3.11 Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Asteraceae
	4 Conclusion, Novelty, and Future Impacts
	References
Medicinal Flora and Cultural Values of Arkot-Biakand Valley Hindu Kush Region Swat, Pakistan
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Plant Collection
		2.3 Data Collection and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Sociodemographic Information
		3.2 Medicinal Use Categories
		3.3 Ethnobotanically Important Flora
	References
Healthcare Choices and Use of Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Study in Kanda Area of Bajhang District, Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Study Approaches
		2.3 Field Surveys and Data Collection
		2.4 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Informants
		3.2 Plant Diversity and Ethnomedicinal Uses
		3.3 Treatment Choices
		3.4 Plants Used in Shamanic Rituals
		3.5 Plants Used in Religious Ceremonies
		3.6 Plants Used to Treat Domesticated Animals
		3.7 Plants Used to Treat Human Beings with Various Ailment Categories
		3.8 Factor of Informant Consensus
		3.9 Frequency of Citation
		3.10 Tradable Medicinal Plants
		3.11 Conservation Status
	4 Conclusions
	Appendix 1: Popularity and Use Value of Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants
	Appendix 2: Diseases Categories, Medicinal Plants and Procedure
	References
Exploration, Conservation, and Utilization of Ethnobotanical Knowledge: Sri Lankan Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 What We Have Done?: The Historical Perspective
	3 Ethnobotanical Knowledge Associated with Botanical Studies
	4 Ethnopharmacological History of Sri Lanka
	5 What We Know Today? The Current Knowledge
		5.1 Edible Plants
		5.2 Medicinal Plants
		5.3 Other Uses
	6 From Here Where We Have to Go? The Future Perspective
		6.1 Collection of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Farming Community
		6.2 Collection of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Community Around the Natural Vegetation
		6.3 Documentation and Conservation of Ethnobotanical Knowledge
		6.4 Use of Ethnobotanical Knowledge for Biodiversity Conservation
		6.5 Use of Ethnobotanical Knowledge for Future Botanical Expeditions and Researches
	7 Annex: The List of Angiosperm Species with Various Local Uses Other than Food, Medicine, Ornamentals, Timber, and Fibers
	References
Index