Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Cover......Page 1
IFC......Page 2
Title Page
......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Statement......Page 5
Contents in Brief......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 15
About the Authors......Page 20
Part I: Introduction and Descriptive Statistics......Page 21
Ch 1: Introduction to Statistics......Page 23
1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations......Page 24
1.2 Populations and Samples......Page 25
1.3 Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics......Page 32
1.4 Variables and Measurement......Page 40
1.5 Statistical Notation......Page 46
Summary......Page 50
Resources......Page 51
Demonstration 1.1......Page 52
Problems......Page 53
Tools You Will Need......Page 57
2.2 Frequency Distribution Tables......Page 58
2.3 Frequency Distribution Graphs......Page 64
2.4 The Shape of a Frequency Distribution......Page 70
Summary......Page 72
Resources......Page 73
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 74
Demonstration 2.1......Page 75
Problems......Page 76
Tools You Will Need......Page 79
3.1 Defining Central Tendency......Page 80
3.2 The Mean......Page 81
3.3 The Median......Page 89
3.4 The Mode......Page 93
3.5 Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency......Page 94
3.6 Central Tendency and the Shape of the Distribution......Page 100
Summary......Page 102
Resources......Page 103
Demonstration 3.1......Page 104
Problems......Page 105
Tools You Will Need......Page 109
4.1 Defining Variability......Page 110
4.2 The Range......Page 111
4.3 Standard Deviation and Variance for a Population......Page 112
4.4 Standard Deviation and Variance for a Sample......Page 119
4.5 More About Variance and Standard Deviation......Page 124
Summary......Page 132
Resources......Page 133
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 134
Problems......Page 135
Review Exercises......Page 139
Part II: Foundations of Inferential Statistics......Page 141
Tools You Will Need......Page 143
5.1 Introduction to z-Scores......Page 144
5.2 z-Scores and Location in a Distribution......Page 145
5.3 Using z-Scores to Standardize a Distribution......Page 151
5.4 Other Standardized Distributions Based on z-Scores......Page 156
5.5 Computing z-Scores for a Sample......Page 158
5.6 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics......Page 160
Resources......Page 163
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 164
Demonstration 5.2......Page 165
Problems......Page 166
Tools You Will Need......Page 169
6.1 Introduction to Probability......Page 170
6.2 Probability and the Normal Distribution......Page 175
6.3 Probabilities and Proportions for Scores from a Normal Distribution......Page 182
6.4 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics......Page 189
Resources......Page 191
Demonstration 6.1......Page 192
Problems......Page 193
Tools You Will Need......Page 195
7.2 The Distribution of Sample Means......Page 196
7.3 Probability and the Distribution of Sample Means......Page 206
7.4 More About Standard Error......Page 210
7.5 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics......Page 214
Resources......Page 218
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 219
Demonstration 7.1......Page 220
Problems......Page 221
Tools You Will Need......Page 223
8.1 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing......Page 224
8.2 Uncertainty and Errors in Hypothesis Testing......Page 233
8.3 More About Hypothesis Tests......Page 237
8.4 Directional (One-Tailed) Hypothesis Tests......Page 244
8.5 Concerns About Hypothesis Testing: Measuring Effect Size......Page 247
8.6 Statistical Power......Page 252
Summary......Page 257
Resources......Page 258
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 259
Demonstration 8.2......Page 260
Problems......Page 261
Review Exercises......Page 265
Part III: Using t Statistics for Inferences About Population Means and Mean Differences......Page 267
Tools You Will Need......Page 269
9.1 The t Statistic: An Alternative to z......Page 270
9.2 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic......Page 275
9.3 Measuring Effect Size for the t Statistic......Page 280
9.4 Directional Hypotheses and One-Tailed Tests......Page 288
Summary......Page 291
Resources......Page 292
Demonstration 9.1......Page 293
Demonstration 9.2......Page 294
Problems......Page 295
Tools You Will Need......Page 299
10.1 Introduction to the Independent-Measures Design......Page 300
10.2 The t Statistic for an Independent-Measures Research Design......Page 301
10.3 Hypothesis Tests and Effect Size with the Independent-Measures t Statistic......Page 308
10.4 Assumptions Underlying the Independent-Measures t Formula......Page 320
Summary......Page 323
Resources......Page 324
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 325
Demonstration 10.1......Page 327
Problems......Page 328
Tools You Will Need......Page 333
11.1 Introduction to Repeated-Measures Designs......Page 334
11.2 The t Statistic for a Repeated-Measures Research Design......Page 335
11.3 Hypothesis Tests and Effect Size for the Repeated-Measures Design......Page 340
11.4 Uses and Assumptions for Repeated-Measures t Tests......Page 348
Key Terms......Page 351
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 352
Demonstration 11.1......Page 353
Problems......Page 355
Review Exercises......Page 361
Part IV: Analysis of Variance: Tests for Differences Among Two or More Population Means......Page 363
Tools You Will Need......Page 365
12.1 Introduction......Page 366
12.2 The Logic of ANOVA......Page 370
12.3 ANOVA Notation and Formulas......Page 374
12.4 The Distribution of F-Ratios......Page 382
12.5 Examples of Hypothesis Testing and Effect Size with ANOVA......Page 384
12.6 Post Hoc Tests......Page 395
12.7 The Relationship Between ANOVA and t Tests......Page 399
Summary......Page 401
Resources......Page 402
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 403
Demonstration 12.1......Page 404
Demonstration 12.2......Page 406
Problems......Page 407
Tools You Will Need......Page 413
13.2 Repeated-Measures ANOVA......Page 414
13.3 Two-Factor ANOVA (Independent Measures)......Page 429
Summary......Page 448
Resources......Page 449
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 452
Demonstration 13.1......Page 454
Demonstration 13.2......Page 455
Problems......Page 458
Review Exercises......Page 465
Part V: Correlations and Nonparametric Tests......Page 467
Tools You Will Need......Page 469
14.1 Introduction......Page 470
14.2 The Pearson Correlation......Page 473
14.3 Using and Interpreting the Pearson Correlation......Page 478
14.4 Hypothesis Tests with the Pearson Correlation......Page 484
14.5 Alternatives to the Pearson Correlation......Page 492
14.6 Introduction to Linear Equations and Regression......Page 501
Summary......Page 516
Resources......Page 517
Focus on Problem Solving......Page 520
Demonstration 14.1......Page 522
Problems......Page 523
Tools You Will Need......Page 529
15.1 Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Tests......Page 530
15.2 The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit......Page 531
15.3 The Chi-Square Test for Independence......Page 541
15.4 Measuring Effect Size for the Chi-Square Test for Independence......Page 552
15.5 Assumptions and Restrictions for Chi-Square Tests......Page 554
Summary......Page 555
Resources......Page 556
Demonstration 15.1......Page 559
Problems......Page 561
Review Exercises......Page 567
Appendix A: Basic Mathematics Review......Page 569
Appendix B: Statistical Tables......Page 591
Appendix C: Solutions for Odd-Numbered Problems in the Text......Page 603
Appendix D: General Instructions for Using SPSS......Page 621
Statistics Organizer: Finding the Right Statistics for Your Data......Page 625
References......Page 639
Index......Page 645
IBC......Page 652