Essentials of Modern Materials Science and Engineering

Copyright......Page 10
About the Author......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 19
Brief Contents......Page 21
Contents......Page 23
1: Introduction......Page 38
WHAT ISSUES IMPACT MATERIALS SELECTION AND DESIGN?......Page 40
Property Considerations for Specific Applications......Page 41
Impact of Bonding of Material Properties......Page 46
Changes of Properties over Time......Page 53
Sustainability and Green Engineering......Page 54
Classes of Materials......Page 57
2: Structure in Materials......Page 66
Introduction......Page 68
Levels of Order......Page 69
Lattice Parameters and Atomic Packing Factors......Page 72
Density Estimations......Page 76
Crystallographic Planes......Page 77
Miller Indices......Page 79
X-Ray Diffraction......Page 81
Microscopy......Page 88
Nucleation and Grain Growth......Page 89
Point Defects......Page 90
Dislocations......Page 91
Slip......Page 92
Dislocation Climb......Page 95
Monocrystals and Nanocrystals......Page 96
3: Measurement of Mechanical Properties......Page 102
ASTM Standards......Page 104
Tensile Testing......Page 105
Compressive Testing......Page 115
Hardness Testing......Page 116
Creep Testing......Page 119
Impact Testing......Page 120
Error and Reproducibility in Measurement......Page 122
Fracture Mechanics......Page 127
HOW DO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CHANGE OVER TIME?......Page 130
Fatigue Testing......Page 131
Accelerated Aging Studies......Page 132
4: Metals......Page 140
Forming Operations......Page 142
Alloys and Phase Diagrams......Page 146
Carbon Steel......Page 154
Phase Transitions......Page 163
Age Hardening (Precipitation Hardening)......Page 167
Copper and Its Alloys......Page 168
Aluminum and Its Alloys......Page 171
Corrosion......Page 173
Recycling of Metals......Page 177
5: Polymers......Page 184
Polymer Terminology......Page 186
Types of Polymers......Page 189
HOW ARE POLYMER CHAINS FORMED?......Page 197
Addition Polymerization......Page 198
Condensation Polymerization......Page 199
Importance of Molecular Weight Distributions......Page 201
Constitution......Page 203
Configuration......Page 205
Conformation......Page 209
Additives......Page 212
Polymer Processing......Page 213
Recycling of Polymers......Page 217
6: Ceramics and Carbon Materials......Page 224
Crystal Structures in Ceramics......Page 226
Abrasives......Page 234
Glasses......Page 237
Cements......Page 240
Refractories......Page 245
Whitewares......Page 246
Advanced Ceramics......Page 248
Recycling of Ceramic Materials......Page 249
Graphite......Page 250
Diamond......Page 251
Carbon Fibers......Page 252
Fullerenes (Buckyballs) and Carbon Nanotubes......Page 255
7: Composites......Page 260
Classes of Composites......Page 262
Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 263
Particulate Composites......Page 273
Laminar Composites......Page 278
Recycling of Composite Materials......Page 279
8: Electronic and Optical Materials......Page 282
Conductivity in Metals......Page 284
Electrical Resistivity......Page 289
Intrinsic Semiconduction......Page 290
Extrinsic Semiconduction......Page 292
Diodes......Page 294
Transistors......Page 295
Integrated Circuits......Page 296
Dielectric Behavior and Capacitors......Page 297
Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials......Page 298
Optical Properties......Page 299
Applications of Optical Materials......Page 303
9: Biomaterials and Biological Materials......Page 308
Biomaterials, Biological Materials, and Biocompatibility......Page 310
Structural Biological Materials and Biomaterials......Page 311
Functional Biomaterials......Page 321
Ethics and Biomaterials......Page 330
Appendix A: MAJOR PRODUCERS OF METALS AND POLYMERS......Page 335
Appendix B: PROPERTIES OF MAJOR METALS AND ALLOYS......Page 339
GLOSSARY......Page 345
INDEX......Page 363
Endpapers......Page 369