Essentials of Maternity, Newborn, and Women's Health Nursing

Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
Reviewers
Preface
Contents
Contents in Brief
UNIT ONE: INTRODUCTION TO MATERNITY, NEWBORN, AND WOMEN’S NURSING
	CHAPTER 1 Perspectives on Maternal, Newborn, and Women’s Health Care
		Introduction
		Evolution of Maternal and Newborn Nursing
			Historical Perspective
			Current Trends
		Core Concepts of Maternal, Newborn, and Women’s Health Nursing
			Family-Centered Care
			Evidence-Based Care
			Case-Managed Care
		Health Status Goals
			Healthy People 2020
			Mortality
			Morbidity
		Factors Affecting Maternal, Newborn, and Women’s Health
			Family
			Genetics
			Society
			Culture
			Health Care Cost Containment
			Improvements in Diagnosis and Treatments
			Empowerment of Health Care Consumers
		Barriers to Health Care
			Finances
			Transportation
			Language and Culture
			Low Health Literacy
			Health Care Delivery System
		Legal and Ethical Issues in Maternal, Newborn, and Women’s Health Care
			Abortion
			Substance Abuse
			Intrauterine Therapy
			Maternal–Fetal Conflict
			Stem Cell Research
			Umbilical Cord Blood Banking
			Informed Consent
			Confidentiality
		Implications for Nurses
	CHAPTER 2 Family-Centered Community-Based Care
		Introduction
		Family-Centered Care
		Community-Based Care
			Community Health Nursing
			Community-Based Nursing
			Cultural Issues in Community-Based Nursing
			Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine
		Community-Based Nursing Care Settings
			Prenatal Care
			Labor and Birth Care
			Postpartum and Newborn Care
			Women’s Health Care
		Roles and Functions of the Community-Based Nurse
			Communicator
			Direct Care Provider
			Educator
			Discharge Planner and Case Manager
			Advocate and Resource Manager
UNIT TWO: WOMEN’S HEALTH THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN
	CHAPTER 3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive Systems
		Introduction
		Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
			External Female Reproductive Organs
			Internal Female Reproductive Organs
			Breasts
			Female Sexual Response
		The Female Reproductive Cycle
			Ovarian Cycle
			Endometrial (Uterine) Cycle
			Menstruation
			Perimenopause
			Menopause
		Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
			External Male Reproductive Organs
			Internal Male Reproductive Organs
			Male Sexual Response
	CHAPTER 4 Common Reproductive Issues
		Introduction
		Menstrual Disorders
			Amenorrhea
			Dysmenorrhea
			Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
			Premenstrual Syndrome
			Endometriosis
		Infertility
			Cultural Considerations
			Etiology and Risk Factors
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Contraception
			Types of Contraceptive Methods
			Nursing Management of the Woman Choosing a Contraceptive Method
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Diagnoses
			Nursing Interventions
		Abortion
			Surgical Abortion
			Medical Abortion
		Menopausal Transition
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
	CHAPTER 5 Sexually Transmitted Infections
		Introduction
		Cultural and Psychological Components of Sexually Transmitted Infections
		Sexually Transmitted Infections and Adolescents
			Risk Factors
			Healthy People 2020 Objective
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Infections Characterized by Vaginal Discharge
			Genital/Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
			Trichomoniasis
			Bacterial Vaginosis
		Infections Characterized by Cervicitis
			Chlamydia
			Gonorrhea
		Infections Characterized by Genital Ulcers
			Genital Herpes Simplex
			Syphilis
			Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
		Vaccine-Preventable STIs
			Human Papillomavirus
			Hepatitis A and B
			Hepatitis C
		Zika Virus Disease
		Ectoparasitic Infections
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus
			HIV and Adolescents
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Management
			Providing Education About Drug Therapy
			Preventing HIV Infection
			Providing Care During Pregnancy and Childbirth
			Providing Appropriate Referrals
		Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections
			Behavior Modification
			Contraception
	CHAPTER 6 Disorders of the Breasts
		Introduction
		Benign Breast Disorders
			Fibrocystic Breast Changes
			Fibroadenomas
			Mastitis
		Malignant Breast Disorder
			Pathophysiology
			Staging of Breast Cancer
			Risk Factors
			Diagnosis
			Therapeutic Management
			Breast Cancer Screening
			Nutrition
	CHAPTER 7 Benign Disorders of the Female Reproductive Tract
		Introduction
		Pelvic Floor Disorders
			Pelvic Organ Prolapse
			Urinary Incontinence
		Benign Growths
			Polyps
			Uterine Fibroids
			Genital Fistulas
			Bartholin’s Cysts
			Ovarian Cysts
	CHAPTER 8 Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract
		Introduction
		Ovarian Cancer
			Pathophysiology
			Screening and Diagnosis
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Endometrial Cancer
			Pathophysiology
			Screening and Diagnosis
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Cervical Cancer
			Pathophysiology
			Screening and Diagnosis
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Vaginal Cancer
			Pathophysiology
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Vulvar Cancer
			Pathophysiology
			Screening and Diagnosis
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
	CHAPTER 9 Violence and Abuse
		Introduction
		Intimate Partner Violence
			Incidence
			Background
			Characteristics of Intimate Partner Violence
			Types of Abuse
			Myths and Facts About Intimate Partner Violence
			Abuse Profiles
			Violence Against Pregnant Women
			Violence Against Older Women
			Nursing Management of Intimate Partner Violence Victims
		Sexual Violence
			Characteristics of Assailants
			Sexual Abuse
			Incest
			Rape
			Female Genital Cutting
			Human Trafficking
		Summary
UNIT THREE: PREGNANCY
	CHAPTER 10 Fetal Development and Genetics
		Introduction
		Fetal Development
			Preembryonic Stage
			Embryonic Stage
			Fetal Stage
			Fetal Circulation
		Genetics
			Advances in Genetics and Genetic Technology
			Inheritance
			Patterns of Inheritance for Genetic Disorders
			Chromosomal Abnormalities
			Genetic Evaluation and Counseling
		Nursing Roles and Responsibilities
	CHAPTER 11 Maternal Adaptation During Pregnancy
		Introduction
		Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy
			Subjective (Presumptive) Signs
			Objective (Probable) Signs
			Positive Signs
		Physiologic Adaptations During Pregnancy
			Reproductive System Adaptations
			General Body System Adaptations
		Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy
			Nutritional Requirements During Pregnancy
			Gluten-free Diet During Pregnancy
			Maternal Weight Gain
			Nutrition Promotion
			Special Nutritional Considerations
		Psychosocial Adaptations During Pregnancy
			Maternal Emotional Responses
			Becoming a Mother
			Pregnancy and Sexuality
			Pregnancy and the Partner
			Pregnancy and Siblings
	CHAPTER 12 Nursing Management During Pregnancy
		Introduction
		Preconception Care
			Risk Factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
			Nursing Management
		The First Prenatal Visit
			Comprehensive Health History
			Physical Examination
			Laboratory Tests
		Follow-up Visits
			Follow-Up Visit Intervals and Assessments
			Fundal Height Measurement
			Fetal Movement Determination
			Fetal Heart Rate Measurement
			Teaching About the Danger Signs of Pregnancy
		Assessment of Fetal Well-Being
			Ultrasonography
			Doppler Flow Studies
			Alpha-Fetoprotein Analysis
			Marker Screening Tests
			Nuchal Translucency Screening
			Amniocentesis
			Chorionic Villus Sampling
			Nonstress Test
			Biophysical Profile
		Nursing Management for the Common Discomforts of Pregnancy
			First-Trimester Discomforts
			Second-Trimester Discomforts
			Third-Trimester Discomforts
		Nursing Management to Promote Self-Care
			Personal Hygiene
			Clothing
			Exercise
			Sleep and Rest
			Sexual Activity and Sexuality
			Employment
			Travel
			Immunizations and Medications
		Nursing Management to Prepare the Woman and Her Partner for Labor, Birth, and Parenthood
			Childbirth Education Classes
			Nursing Management and Childbirth Education
			Options for Birth Settings and Care Providers
			Preparation for Breast-Feeding or Bottle-Feeding
			Final Preparation for Labor and Birth
UNIT FOUR: LABOR AND BIRTH
	CHAPTER 13 Labor and Birth Process
		Introduction
		Initiation of Labor
		Premonitory Signs of Labor
			Cervical Changes
			Lightening
			Increased Energy Level
			Bloody Show
			Braxton Hicks Contractions
			Spontaneous Rupture of Membranes
		True Versus False Labor
		Factors Affecting the Labor Process
			Passageway
			Passenger
			Powers
			Position (Maternal)
			Psychological Response
			Philosophy
			Partners
			Patience
			Patient (Client) Preparation: Prenatal Education
			Pain Management
		Physiologic Responses to Labor
			Maternal Responses
			Fetal Responses
		Stages of Labor
			First Stage
			Second Stage
			Third Stage
			Fourth Stage
	CHAPTER 14 Nursing Management During Labor and Birth
		Introduction
		Maternal Assessment During Labor and Birth
			Vaginal Examination
			Assessing Uterine Contractions
			Performing Leopold’s Maneuvers
		Fetal Assessment During Labor and Birth
			Analysis of Amniotic Fluid
			Analysis of the FHR
			Other Fetal Assessment Methods
		Promoting Comfort and Providing Pain Management During Labor
			Nonpharmacologic Measures
			Pharmacologic Measures
		Nursing Care During Labor and Birth
			Nursing Management During the First Stage of Labor
			Nursing Management During the Second Stage of Labor
			Nursing Management During the Third Stage of Labor
			Nursing Management During the Fourth Stage of Labor
UNIT FIVE: POSTPARTUM PERIOD
	CHAPTER 15 Postpartum Adaptations
		Introduction
		Maternal Physiologic Adaptations
			Reproductive System Adaptations
			Cardiovascular System Adaptations
			Urinary System Adaptations
			Gastrointestinal System Adaptations
			Musculoskeletal System Adaptations
			Integumentary System Adaptations
			Respiratory System Adaptations
			Endocrine System Adaptations
			Weight Loss After Childbirth
		Cultural Considerations for the Postpartum Period
			Balance of Hot and Cold
			Postpartum Cultural Beliefs
		Psychological Adaptations
			Parental Attachment Behaviors
			Maternal Psychological Adaptations
			Partner Psychological Adaptations
	CHAPTER 16 Nursing Management During the Postpartum Period
		Introduction
		Social Support and Cultural Considerations
		Nursing Assessment in the Postpartum Period
			Vital Signs Assessment
			Physical Examination
			Psychosocial Assessment
		Nursing Interventions
			Providing Optimal Cultural Care
			Promoting Comfort
			Assisting With Elimination
			Promoting Activity, Rest, and Exercise
			Preventing Stress Incontinence
			Assisting With Self-Care Measures
			Ensuring Safety
			Counseling About Sexuality and Contraception
			Promoting Maternal Nutrition
			Supporting the Woman’s Choice of Infant Feeding Method
			Teaching About Breast Care
			Promoting Family Adjustment and Well-Being
			Preparing for Discharge
UNIT SIX: THE NEWBORN
	CHAPTER 17 Newborn Transitioning
		Introduction
		Physiologic Transitioning
			Cardiovascular System Adaptations
			Respiratory System Adaptations
			Body Temperature Regulation
			Hepatic System Function
			Gastrointestinal System Adaptations
			Renal System Changes
			Immune System Adaptations
			Integumentary System Adaptations
			Neurologic System Adaptations
		Behavioral Adaptations
			Behavioral Patterns
			Behavioral Responses
	CHAPTER 18 Nursing Management of the Newborn
		Introduction
		Nursing Management During the Immediate Newborn Period
			Assessment
			Nursing Interventions
		Nursing Management During the Early Newborn Period
			Assessment
			Nursing Interventions
UNIT SEVEN: CHILDBEARING AT RISK
	CHAPTER 19 Nursing Management of Pregnancy at Risk: Pregnancy-Related Complications
		Introduction
		Bleeding During Pregnancy
			Spontaneous Abortion
			Ectopic Pregnancy
			Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
			Cervical Insufficiency
			Placenta Previa
			Abruptio Placentae
			Placenta Accreta
		Hyperemesis Gravidarum
			Pathophysiology
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
			Chronic Hypertension
			Gestational Hypertension
			Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
		Hellp Syndrome
			Pathophysiology
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Gestational Diabetes
		Blood Incompatibility
			Pathophysiology
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Amniotic Fluid Imbalances
			Polyhydramnios
			Oligohydramnios
		Multiple Gestation
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Premature Rupture of Membranes
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
	CHAPTER 20 Nursing Management of the Pregnancy at Risk: Selected Health Conditions and Vulnerable Populations
		Introduction
		Diabetes Mellitus
			Pathophysiology
			Screening
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Cardiovascular Disorders
			Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease
			Hypertension in Pregnancy
			Chronic Hypertension
		Respiratory Conditions
			Asthma
			Tuberculosis
		Hematologic Conditions
			Iron-Deficiency Anemia
			Thalassemia
			Sickle Cell Anemia
		Autoimmune Disorders
			Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
			Multiple Sclerosis
			Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Infections
			Cytomegalovirus
			Rubella
			Herpes Simplex Virus
			Hepatitis B Virus
			Varicella Zoster Virus
			Parvovirus B19
			Group B Streptococcus
			Toxoplasmosis
			Women Who Are HIV Positive
		Vulnerable Populations
			Pregnant Adolescent
			The Advanced Maternal Age Woman
			The Obese Pregnant Woman
			The Pregnant Woman and Substance Abuse
	CHAPTER 21 Nursing Management of Labor and Birth at Risk
		Introduction
		Dystocia
			Problems with the Powers
			Problems with the Passenger
			Problems with the Passageway
			Problems with the Psyche
			Nursing Assessment
		Alternative/Nontraditional Families
		Preterm Labor
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Post-Term Pregnancy
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Women Requiring Labor Induction and Augmentation
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Vaginal Birth After Cesarean
		Intrauterine Fetal Demise
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Women Experiencing an Obstetric Emergency
			Umbilical Cord Prolapse
			Placenta Previa
			Placental Abruption
			Uterine Rupture
			Amniotic Fluid Embolism
		Women Requiring Birth-Related Procedures
			Amnioinfusion
			Forceps- or Vacuum-Assisted Birth
			Cesarean Birth
	CHAPTER 22 Nursing Management of the Postpartum Woman at Risk
		Introduction
		Postpartum Hemorrhage
			Pathophysiology
			Therapeutic Management
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Venous Thromboembolic Conditions
			Pathophysiology
			Nursing Assessment
			Nursing Management
		Postpartum Infection
			Metritis
			Surgical Site Infections
			Urinary Tract Infections
			Mastitis
		Postpartum Affective Disorders
			Postpartum Blues
			Postpartum Depression
			Postpartum Psychosis
UNIT EIGHT: THE NEWBORN AT RISK
	CHAPTER 23 Nursing Care of the Newborn with Special Needs
		Birth-Weight Variations
			Small-for-Gestational-Age Newborns
			Large-for-Gestational-Age Newborns
		Gestational Age Variations
			Preterm Newborn
			Late Preterm (“Near Term”) Newborn
			Post-Term Newborn
			Dealing With Perinatal Loss
	CHAPTER 24 Nursing Management of the Newborn at Risk: Acquired and Congenital Newborn Conditions
		Introduction
		Acquired Disorders
			Perinatal Asphyxia
			Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
			Respiratory Distress Syndrome
			Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
			Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
			Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/Chronic Lung Disease
			Retinopathy of Prematurity
			Periventricular–Intraventricular Hemorrhage
			Necrotizing Enterocolitis
			Infant of a Diabetic Mother
			Birth Trauma
			Newborns of Substance-Abusing Mothers
			Hyperbilirubinemia
			Neonatal Sepsis
		Congenital Conditions
			Congenital Heart Disease
			Neural Tube Defects
			Microcephaly
			Hydrocephalus
			Choanal Atresia
			Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
			Cleft Lip and Palate
			Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
			Omphalocele and Gastroschisis
			Imperforate Anus
			Hypospadias
			Epispadias
			Bladder Exstrophy
			Congenital Clubfoot
			Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
			Inborn Errors of Metabolism
APPENDIX A Standard Laboratory Values
APPENDIX B Clinical Paths
APPENDIX C Cervical Dilation Chart
APPENDIX D Weight Conversion Charts
APPENDIX E Breast-Feeding and Medication Use
Index