Essentials of human physiology and pathophysiology for pharmacy and allied health

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1: The cell
	1.1 Plasma membrane
		1.1.1 Structure and function of the plasma membrane
		1.1.2 Membrane transport
	1.2 Membrane potential
		1.2.1 Development of the resting membrane potential
	1.3 Electrical signals
		1.3.1 Graded potentials
		1.3.2 Action potentials
		1.3.3 Conduction of the action potential
	1.4 Synaptic transmission
		1.4.1 Chemical synapses
		1.4.2 Summation
		1.4.3 Interconnections between neurons
		1.4.4 Factors affecting synaptic transmission
			1.4.4.1 Altered release of a neurotransmitter
			1.4.4.2 Altered interaction of a neurotransmitter with its receptor
			1.4.4.3 Altered removal of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft
			1.4.4.4 Replacement of a deficient neurotransmitter
	1.5 Cell injury
		1.5.1 Cellular adaptation
		1.5.2 Mechanisms of cell injury
		1.5.3 Manifestations of cellular injury
		1.5.4 Cell death
		1.5.5 Tissue repair
		1.5.6 Steps in tissue (wound) repair
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 2: Homeostasis
	2.1 Homeostasis
		2.1.1 Negative feedback
		2.1.2 Positive feedback
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 3: The immune system
	3.1 Overview of immune function
		3.1.1 Agents of infectious disease
		3.1.2 Effector cells of the immune system
		3.1.3 Immune responses
		3.1.4 Innate immune system
		3.1.5 Adaptive immune system
			3.1.5.1 Classification of antibodies
			3.1.5.2 Structure of antibodies
			3.1.5.3 Actions of antibodies
			3.1.5.4 Clonal selection theory
			3.1.5.5 Primary versus secondary responses
			3.1.5.6 Active versus passive immunity
			3.1.5.7 Types of T cells
			3.1.5.8 Actions of T cells
			3.1.5.9 MHC molecules
	3.2 Alterations in immune function
		3.2.1 Hypersensitivity reactions
			3.2.1.1 Type I hypersensitivity reaction
			3.2.1.2 Type II hypersensitivity reaction
			3.2.1.3 Type III hypersensitivity reaction
			3.2.1.4 Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
		3.2.2 Autoimmune disease
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 4: Inflammation
	4.1 Inflammatory mediators
		4.1.1 Histamine and mast cells
Chapter 5: Blood and hemostasis
	5.1 Blood
		5.1.1 Plasma
		5.1.2 Erythrocytes
		5.1.3 Leukocytes
		5.1.4 Platelets
	5.2 Hemostasis
	5.3 Alterations in hemostasis
		5.3.1 Conditions associated with decreased coagulation
			5.3.1.1 Hemophilia
			5.3.1.2 von Willebrand disease
			5.3.1.3 Vitamin K deficiency
			5.3.1.4 Liver disease
		5.3.2 Conditions affecting platelets
			5.3.2.1 Thrombocytopenia
			5.3.2.2 Immune thrombocytopenia purpura
			5.3.2.3 Antiphospholipid syndrome
		5.3.3 Conditions leading to increased blood coagulation (hypercoagulability)
		5.3.4 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
			5.3.4.1 Manifestations of DIC
			5.3.4.2 Treatment of DIC
	5.4 Alterations in hematologic function and oxygen transport
		5.4.1 Hematopoiesis
		5.4.2 Anemia
			5.4.2.1 General manifestations of anemia
		5.4.3 Types of anemia
			5.4.3.1 Hemolytic anemia
			5.4.3.2 Blood loss anemia
		5.4.4 Inherited anemia
			5.4.4.1 Sickle cell disease
			5.4.4.2 Thalassemia
			5.4.4.3 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
			5.4.4.4 Aplastic anemia
			5.4.4.5 Polycythemia
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 6: The circulatory system
	6.1 Blood vessels
	6.2 Blood pressure
	6.3 Blood flow
	6.4 Regulation of arterial pressure
		6.4.1 Vasomotor center
		6.4.2 Baroreceptors
		6.4.3 Chemoreceptors
		6.4.4 Low-pressure receptors
		6.4.5 Vasoconstrictors
		6.4.6 Vasodilators
	6.5 Venous regulation
		6.5.1 Blood volume
		6.5.2 Sympathetic stimulation of the veins
		6.5.3 Skeletal muscle activity
		6.5.4 Respiratory activity
	6.6 Effects of gravity on the circulation
	6.7 Regulation of blood flow through tissues
		6.7.1 Active hyperemia
		6.7.2 Autoregulation
	6.8 Effects of acute exercise on the circulatory system
	6.9 Capillary exchange
	6.10 Disease of blood vessels
		6.10.1 Arterial disease
		6.10.2 Atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia
		6.10.3 Inflammatory disease of arteries
		6.10.4 Aneurysm
			6.10.4.1 Clinical manifestations of aneurysm
			6.10.4.2 Treatment of aneurysms
		6.10.5 Disease of the veins
			6.10.5.1 Venous thrombosis
			6.10.5.2 Embolism
			6.10.5.3 Anticoagulant and thrombolytic drug therapy
			6.10.5.4 Varicose veins
			6.10.5.5 Chronic venous insufficiency
	6.11 Disorders of blood pressure
		6.11.1 Primary (Essential) hypertension
		6.11.2 Secondary hypertension
		6.11.3 Malignant hypertension
		6.11.4 Hypertension in pregnancy
		6.11.5 Effects of chronic hypertension
		6.11.6 Diagnosis and treatment of essential hypertension
		6.11.7 Treatment of hypertension
		6.11.8 Hypotension
			6.11.8.1 Manifestations of hypotension
			6.11.8.2 Treatment of hypotension
	6.12 Shock
		6.12.1 Hypovolemic shock
			6.12.1.1 Physiologic responses to hypovolemic shock
			6.12.1.2 Stages of symptoms of hypovolemic shock
			6.12.1.3 Treatment of hypovolemic shock
		6.12.2 Distributive shock
			6.12.2.1 Symptoms of distributive shock
			6.12.2.2 Treatment of distributive shock
		6.12.3 Cardiogenic shock
			6.12.3.1 Symptoms of cardiogenic shock
			6.12.3.2 Treatment of cardiogenic shock
		6.12.4 Complications of shock
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 7: The heart
	7.1 Functional anatomy of the heart
		7.1.1 Myocardial wall
	7.2 Electrical activity of the heart
	7.3 Electrocardiogram
	7.4 Cardiac cycle
		7.4.1 Ventricular filling
		7.4.2 Isovolumetric contraction
		7.4.3 Ejection
		7.4.4 Isovolumetric relaxation
	7.5 Cardiac output
	7.6 Control of heart rate
	7.7 Control of stroke volume
	7.8 Effect of exercise on cardiac output
	7.9 Diseases of the heart
		7.9.1 Disorders of the pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium
			7.9.1.1 Disorders of the pericardium
		7.9.2 Diseases of the myocardium
			7.9.2.1 Myocarditis
			7.9.2.2 Cardiomyopathies
		7.9.3 Disorders of the endocardium and heart valves
			7.9.3.1 Infectious endocarditis
			7.9.3.2 Rheumatic heart disease
		7.9.4 Disorders of the heart valves
			7.9.4.1 Mitral valve prolapse
			7.9.4.2 Congenital heart defects
	7.10 Myocardial ischemia
		7.10.1 Manifestations of myocardial ischemia
		7.10.2 Acute coronary syndromes
			7.10.2.1 Rational for treatment of myocardial ischemia
			7.10.2.2 Treatment of myocardial ischemia
	7.11 Myocardial infarction
		7.11.1 Coronary blood flow and myocardial infarction
		7.11.2 Clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction
		7.11.3 Compensatory mechanisms for myocardial infarction
		7.11.4 Complications of myocardial infarction
		7.11.5 Rationale for therapy
			7.11.5.1 Treatment for myocardial infarction
	7.12 Heart failure
		7.12.1 Classification of heart failure
		7.12.2 Left heart failure
			7.12.2.1 Manifestations of left-heart failure
		7.12.3 Right heart failure
			7.12.3.1 Manifestations of right-heart failure
		7.12.4 Physiologic compensation for heart failure
		7.12.5 Diagnosis of heart failure
		7.12.6 Rationale for treatment of heart failure
	7.13 Cardiac arrhythmia
		7.13.1 Factors that may contribute to the development of a cardiac arrhythmia
		7.13.2 Inherited arrhythmias
		7.13.3 Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmia
		7.13.4 Types of arrhythmia
			7.13.4.1 Sinus node arrhythmia
			7.13.4.2 Atrial arrhythmia
			7.13.4.3 Ventricular arrhythmia
		7.13.5 Heart block
			7.13.5.1 First-degree heart block
			7.13.5.2 Second-degree heart block
			7.13.5.3 Third-degree heart block
			7.13.5.4 Stokes-Adams syndrome
			7.13.5.5 Bundle branch block
		7.13.6 Diagnosis of arrhythmia
		7.13.7 Rationale for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia
		7.13.8 Treatment of cardiac arrhythmia
			7.13.8.1 Pharmacologic
			7.13.8.2 Non-pharmacologic treatment of arrhythmia
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 8: The respiratory system
	8.1 Blood-gas interface
	8.2 Airways
		8.2.1 Cartilage
		8.2.2 Epithelium
	8.3 The pleura
	8.4 Mechanics of breathing
		8.4.1 Thoracic volume
		8.4.2 Inspiration
		8.4.3 Expiration
		8.4.4 Lung volume
		8.4.5 Pulmonary pressures
	8.5 Interdependence
	8.6 Airway resistance
		8.6.1 Lung volume
		8.6.2 Airway obstruction
		8.6.3 Bronchial smooth muscle tone
	8.7 Ventilation
		8.7.1 Standard lung volumes
		8.7.2 Total ventilation
		8.7.3 Alveolar ventilation
		8.7.4 Dead space
	8.8 Diffusion
	8.9 Partial pressures
	8.10 Gas transport
		8.10.1 Transport of oxygen
		8.10.2 Factors affecting the transport of oxygen
		8.10.3 Transport of carbon dioxide
	8.11 Regulation of ventilation
		8.11.1 Chemoreceptor response to decreased arterial PO2
		8.11.2 Chemoreceptor response to increased arterial PCO2
			8.11.2.1 Chemoreceptor response to increased arterial hydrogen ion concentration
	8.12 Ventilatory response to exercise
	8.13 Disorders of the respiratory system
		8.13.1 Respiratory infections
			8.13.1.1 Infections of the upper respiratory tract
			8.13.1.2 Infections of the lower respiratory tract
		8.13.2 Cancers of the respiratory tract
			8.13.2.1 Laryngeal cancer
			8.13.2.2 Lung cancer
		8.13.3 Obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disorders
		8.13.4 Obstructive pulmonary disorders
			8.13.4.1 Asthma
		8.13.5 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
			8.13.5.1 Bronchitis
			8.13.5.2 Emphysema
		8.13.6 Cystic fibrosis
			8.13.6.1 Manifestations of cystic fibrosis
			8.13.6.2 Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
			8.13.6.3 Treatment of cystic fibrosis
		8.13.7 Restrictive pulmonary disorders
			8.13.7.1 Pleuritis, pleural effusion
			8.13.7.2 Pneumothorax
			8.13.7.3 Atelectasis
			8.13.7.4 Bronchiectasis
		8.13.8 Acute respiratory distress syndrome
			8.13.8.1 Manifestations of ARDS
			8.13.8.2 Treatment of ARDS
		8.13.9 Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
			8.13.9.1 Manifestations of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn
			8.13.9.2 Treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn
		8.13.10 Interstitial lung diseases
			8.13.10.1 Manifestations of interstitial lung disease
			8.13.10.2 Treatment of interstitial lung diseases
		8.13.11 Respiratory failure
			8.13.11.1 Manifestations of respiratory failure
			8.13.11.2 Treatment of respiratory failure
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 9: The digestive system
	9.1 Digestive tract wall
		9.1.1 Mucosa
		9.1.2 Submucosa
		9.1.3 Muscularis externa
		9.1.4 Serosa
	9.2 Regulation of gastrointestinal function
		9.2.1 Intrinsic nerve plexuses
		9.2.2 Extrinsic autonomic nerves
		9.2.3 Gastrointestinal hormones
	9.3 Mouth
	9.4 Pharynx
	9.5 Esophagus
	9.6 Stomach
		9.6.1 Gastric motility
		9.6.2 Gastric secretion
	9.7 Liver
	9.8 Gallbladder
	9.9 Pancreas
	9.10 Transport of bile and pancreatic juice
	9.11 Small intestine
		9.11.1 Motility of the small intestine
		9.11.2 Digestion and absorption in the small intestine
		9.11.3 Carbohydrates
		9.11.4 Proteins
		9.11.5 Lipids
		9.11.6 Water and electrolytes
	9.12 Large intestine
		9.12.1 Motility of the large intestine
		9.12.2 Secretion of the large intestine
	9.13 Gastrointestinal disorders
		9.13.1 Abnormalities of the esophagus
			9.13.1.1 Swallowing disorders—dysphagia
			9.13.1.2 Manifestations of GERD
			9.13.1.3 Treatment of GERD
		9.13.2 Disorders of the stomach
			9.13.2.1 Gastritis
			9.13.2.2 Peptic ulcers
		9.13.3 Disorders of the intestines
			9.13.3.1 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
			9.13.3.2 Inflammatory bowel disease
		9.13.4 Disorders of intestinal motility and absorption
			9.13.4.1 Diarrhea
			9.13.4.2 Constipation
			9.13.4.3 Intestinal malabsorption
		9.13.5 Gastrointestinal cancers
			9.13.5.1 Esophageal cancer
			9.13.5.2 Stomach cancer
			9.13.5.3 Colorectal cancer
	9.14 Hepatobiliary disorders
		9.14.1 Tests of liver function
		9.14.2 Infectious disease of the liver
			9.14.2.1 Viral hepatitis
		9.14.3 Alcoholic liver disease
		9.14.4 Cirrhosis
			9.14.4.1 Manifestations of cirrhosis and liver failure
			9.14.4.2 Treatment of cirrhosis
		9.14.5 Liver cancer
		9.14.6 Disorders of the gallbladder
			9.14.6.1 Gallstone formation (Cholelithiasis)
			9.14.6.2 Cholecystitis
		9.14.7 Disorders of the pancreas
			9.14.7.1 Pancreatitis
			9.14.7.2 Pancreatic cancer
			9.14.7.3 Clinical manifestations of pancreatic cancer
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 10: The renal system
	10.1 Functional anatomy of the kidneys
		10.1.1 Vascular component
		10.1.2 Tubular component
	10.2 Basic renal processes
	10.3 Glomerular filtration
		10.3.1 Filtration barrier
		10.3.2 Determinants of filtration
	10.4 Tubular reabsorption
		10.4.1 Sodium reabsorption
		10.4.2 Chloride reabsorption
		10.4.3 Water reabsorption
		10.4.4 Production of urine of varying concentrations
		10.4.5 Potassium ion secretion
		10.4.6 Hydrogen ion secretion
	10.5 Plasma clearance
	10.6 Renal blood flow
		10.6.1 Autoregulation
		10.6.2 Myogenic mechanism
		10.6.3 Tubuloglomerular feedback
		10.6.4 Resistance of the afferent arteriole
		10.6.5 Sympathetic nerves
		10.6.6 Angiotensin II
		10.6.7 Prostaglandins
	10.7 Control of sodium excretion
	10.8 Control of water excretion
	10.9 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
		10.9.1 Evaluation of renal function
		10.9.2 Disorders of the glomerulus
			10.9.2.1 Acute glomerulonephritis
			10.9.2.2 Rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
			10.9.2.3 IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease)
		10.9.3 Nephrotic syndrome
		10.9.4 Pyelonephritis
		10.9.5 Urinary tract infections
			10.9.5.1 Manifestations of urinary tract infection
			10.9.5.2 Treatment of urinary tract infection
		10.9.6 Renal calculi (kidney stones)
			10.9.6.1 Manifestations of renal calculi
			10.9.6.2 Diagnosis of renal calculi
			10.9.6.3 Treatment of renal calculi
		10.9.7 Renal tumors
			10.9.7.1 Manifestations of renal tumors
			10.9.7.2 Treatment of renal tumors
		10.9.8 Polycystic kidney disease
			10.9.8.1 Manifestations of polycystic kidney disease
			10.9.8.2 Treatment of polycystic kidney disease
		10.9.9 Renal failure
			10.9.9.1 Acute renal failure
			10.9.9.2 Manifestations of acute renal failure
			10.9.9.3 Treatment of acute renal failure
		10.9.10 Chronic renal failure
			10.9.10.1 Manifestations of chronic renal failure
			10.9.10.2 Treatment of renal failure
	10.10 Disorders of the bladder and urethra
		10.10.1 Urine reflux
		10.10.2 Neurogenic bladder
		10.10.3 Urinary incontinence
			10.10.3.1 Treatment of overactive bladder
		10.10.4 Bladder cancer
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 11: The endocrine system
	11.1 Biochemical classification of hormones
	11.2 Transport of hormones
	11.3 Functional classification of hormones
	11.4 Hormone interactions
	11.5 Mechanisms of hormone action
	11.6 The pituitary gland
	11.7 Relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
	11.8 Negative feedback control
	11.9 Neurohypophysis
		11.9.1 Antidiuretic hormone
		11.9.2 Oxytocin
	11.10 Adenohypophysis
		11.10.1 Gonadotropins
		11.10.2 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
		11.10.3 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
		11.10.4 Prolactin
		11.10.5 Growth hormone (GH)
	11.11 Thyroid gland
		11.11.1 Thyroid hormones
		11.11.2 Calcitonin
	11.12 Parathyroid glands
	11.13 Adrenal glands
		11.13.1 Adrenal medulla
		11.13.2 Adrenal cortex
		11.13.3 Mineralocorticoids
		11.13.4 Glucocorticoids
		11.13.5 Adrenal androgens
	11.14 Pancreas
		11.14.1 Insulin
		11.14.2 Glucagon
	11.15 Endocrine disorders
		11.15.1 Abnormalities of the hypothalamus/pituitary glands
			11.15.1.1 Hypopituitarism
		11.15.2 Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland
			11.15.2.1 Alterations of growth hormone secretion
		11.15.3 Disorders of the posterior pituitary
			11.15.3.1 Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
			11.15.3.2 Diabetes insipidus
		11.15.4 Alteration of thyroid function
			11.15.4.1 Tests of thyroid function
			11.15.4.2 Hypothyroidism
			11.15.4.3 Hyperthyroidism
		11.15.5 Disorders of the adrenal glands
			11.15.5.1 Hyposecretion of adrenal hormones
		11.15.6 Disorders of the adrenal medulla
			11.15.6.1 Pheochromocytoma
			11.15.6.2 Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
			11.15.6.3 Manifestations of pheochromocytoma
			11.15.6.4 Treatment of pheochromocytoma
	11.16 Diabetes
		11.16.1 The endocrine pancreas
		11.16.2 Diabetes mellitus
			11.16.2.1 Types of diabetes
			11.16.2.2 Type 1 diabetes
		11.16.3 Long-term complications of diabetes
			11.16.3.1 Diabetic neuropathy
			11.16.3.2 Diabetic nephropathy
			11.16.3.3 Vascular disease
			11.16.3.4 Diabetic retinopathy
			11.16.3.5 Impaired healing and increased infections risk
			11.16.3.6 Increased risk of infection
		11.16.4 Diabetes in pregnancy
			11.16.4.1 Gestational diabetes
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 12: The reproductive system
	12.1 Gametogenesis
		12.1.1 Spermatogenesis
		12.1.2 Oogenesis
	12.2 Male reproductive system
		12.2.1 Testes
		12.2.2 Epididymides
		12.2.3 Vas deferens
		12.2.4 Ejaculatory ducts
		12.2.5 Penis
		12.2.6 Prostate
		12.2.7 Seminal vesicles
		12.2.8 Bulbourethral glands
	12.3 Female reproductive system
		12.3.1 Ovaries
		12.3.2 Fallopian tubes
		12.3.3 Uterus
		12.3.4 Vagina
		12.3.5 Follicular phase
		12.3.6 Luteal phase
		12.3.7 Hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle
	12.4 Disorders of the male reproductive system
		12.4.1 Disorders of the penis
			12.4.1.1 Peyronie’s disease
			12.4.1.2 Priapism
			12.4.1.3 Impotence
		12.4.2 Disorders of the testis and scrotum
			12.4.2.1 Spermatocele
			12.4.2.2 Varicocele
			12.4.2.3 Testicular cancer
		12.4.3 Disorders of the prostate
			12.4.3.1 Prostatitis
			12.4.3.2 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
			12.4.3.3 Prostate cancer
	12.5 Disorders of the female reproductive system
		12.5.1 Disorders of the vagina, cervix, and uterus
			12.5.1.1 Vaginitis
			12.5.1.2 Cervical lesions and cervical cancer
			12.5.1.3 Endometriosis
			12.5.1.4 Endometrial (Uterine) cancer
			12.5.1.5 Uterine fibroids
			12.5.1.6 Uterine prolapse
		12.5.2 Disorders of the ovaries
			12.5.2.1 Polycystic ovary syndrome
			12.5.2.2 Ovarian cancer
		12.5.3 Menstrual disorders
			12.5.3.1 Amenorrhea
			12.5.3.2 Dysmenorrhea
			12.5.3.3 Menopause
			12.5.3.4 Symptoms
			12.5.3.5 Treatment
		12.5.4 Disorders of the breast
			12.5.4.1 Mastitis
			12.5.4.2 Fibrocystic changes
			12.5.4.3 Proliferative changes
		12.5.5 Breast cancer
			12.5.5.1 Risk factors for breast cancer
			12.5.5.2 Diagnosis
			12.5.5.3 Treatment
			12.5.5.4 Prognosis
	12.6 Sexually transmitted diseases
		12.6.1 Diagnosis
		12.6.2 Risk factors
			12.6.2.1 Bacterial STDs
			12.6.2.2 Viral STDs
			12.6.2.3 Other STDs
			12.6.2.4 Long-term consequences of STDs
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 13: The nervous system
	13.1 Neurons
	13.2 Level of CNS function
	13.3 The brain
	13.4 Blood-brain barrier
	13.5 Cerebrospinal fluid
	13.6 The spinal cord
		13.6.1 Functions of the spinal cord
			13.6.1.1 Composition of the spinal cord
			13.6.1.2 Ascending tracts
			13.6.1.3 Descending tracts
		13.6.2 Spinal reflexes
			13.6.2.1 Withdrawal reflex
			13.6.2.2 Crossed-extensor reflex
	13.7 Disorders of the nervous system
		13.7.1 Disorders of the brain
			13.7.1.1 Brain injury
			13.7.1.2 Traumatic brain injury
			13.7.1.3 Intracranial hematoma
			13.7.1.4 Increased intracranial pressure
			13.7.1.5 Symptoms of increased ICP
			13.7.1.6 Treatment of increased ICP
			13.7.1.7 Brain ischemia and hypoxia
			13.7.1.8 Causes of brain ischemia or hypoxia
			13.7.1.9 Manifestations of cerebral ischemia or hypoxia
		13.7.2 Stroke
			13.7.2.1 Symptoms of stroke
			13.7.2.2 Complications of stroke
			13.7.2.3 Diagnosis of stroke
			13.7.2.4 Treatment of stroke
		13.7.3 CNS infections
			13.7.3.1 Manifestations of CNS infections
			13.7.3.2 Diagnosis of CNS infections
			13.7.3.3 Treatment of CNS infections
		13.7.4 CNS tumors
			13.7.4.1 Type of CNS tumors
			13.7.4.2 Manifestations of CNS tumors
			13.7.4.3 Diagnosis of CNS tumors
			13.7.4.4 Treatment of CNS tumors
		13.7.5 Seizure disorders
			13.7.5.1 Epilepsy
			13.7.5.2 Type of seizures
			13.7.5.3 Focal seizures
			13.7.5.4 Generalized seizures
			13.7.5.5 Diagnosis of seizure disorders
			13.7.5.6 Treatment of seizure disorders
		13.7.6 Headache
			13.7.6.1 Primary headaches
			13.7.6.2 Secondary headaches
		13.7.7 Degenerative disorders of the brain and CNS
			13.7.7.1 Parkinson’s disease
			13.7.7.2 Alzheimer’s disease
			13.7.7.3 Huntington’s disease
			13.7.7.4 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
			13.7.7.5 Multiple sclerosis
		13.7.8 Spinal injury
			13.7.8.1 Manifestations of spinal cord injury
			13.7.8.2 Treatment of spinal cord injury
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 14: The autonomic nervous system
	14.1 Regulation
	14.2 Pathways
	14.3 Divisions
	14.4 Neurotransmission
	14.5 Receptors
	14.6 Functions
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 15: Pain
	15.1 Nociceptors
	15.2 Hyperalgesia
	15.3 Neurotransmission
	15.4 Pain pathways
	15.5 Types of pain
		15.5.1 Tissue ischemia
		15.5.2 Muscle spasm
		15.5.3 Visceral pain
		15.5.4 Referred pain
	15.6 Treatment of pain
		15.6.1 Nonnarcotic analgesics
		15.6.2 Opioid analgesics
		15.6.3 Adjuvant analgesics
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 16: Muscle
	16.1 Smooth muscle
		16.1.1 Structure of smooth muscle
		16.1.2 Calcium and the mechanism of contraction
		16.1.3 Smooth muscle contraction is slow and prolonged
		16.1.4 Types of smooth muscle
		16.1.5 Factors influencing the contractile activity of smooth muscle
		16.1.6 Length–tension relationship
		16.1.7 Hyperplasia
	16.2 Skeletal muscle
		16.2.1 Muscle tension and movement
			16.2.1.1 Isometric versus isotonic contraction
		16.2.2 Structure of skeletal muscle
			16.2.2.1 Sarcomeres
			16.2.2.2 Thick filaments
			16.2.2.3 Thin filaments
		16.2.3 Neuromuscular junction
		16.2.4 Mechanism of contraction
			16.2.4.1 Sources of ATP for muscle contraction
		16.2.5 Muscle fatigue
		16.2.6 Oxygen debt
		16.2.7 Types of muscle fibers
		16.2.8 Muscle mechanics
			16.2.8.1 Number of muscle fibers contracting
			16.2.8.2 Amount of tension developed by each contracting muscle fiber
	16.3 Disorders of skeletal muscle
		16.3.1 Metabolic disorders of skeletal muscle
			16.3.1.1 McArdle’s disease
			16.3.1.2 Pompei disease
		16.3.2 Cerebral palsy
			16.3.2.1 Symptoms
			16.3.2.2 Treatment
		16.3.3 Muscular dystrophy (MD)
			16.3.3.1 Duchenne muscular dystrophy
			16.3.3.2 Becker muscular dystrophy
			16.3.3.3 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
			16.3.3.4 Limb girdle muscular dystrophy
		16.3.4 Myasthenia gravis
			16.3.4.1 Symptoms
			16.3.4.2 Diagnosis
			16.3.4.3 Treatment
	Medical terminology
	Bibliography
Chapter 17: The skeletal system
	17.1 Bone as a tissue and an organ
	17.2 Hemopoiesis
		17.2.1 Erythropoiesis
		17.2.2 Thrombopoiesis
		17.2.3 Leukopoiesis
	17.3 Mineral deposition
	17.4 Mineral resorption
	17.5 Calcium homeostasis
	17.6 Disorders of the skeletal system
		17.6.1 Osteoporosis
			17.6.1.1 Manifestations of osteoporosis
			17.6.1.2 Diagnosis of osteoporosis
			17.6.1.3 Treatment of osteoporosis
		17.6.2 Paget’s disease
			17.6.2.1 Clinical manifestations of Paget’s disease
		17.6.3 Osteomalacia
			17.6.3.1 Clinical manifestations of osteomalacia
		17.6.4 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
			17.6.4.1 Manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis
			17.6.4.2 Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
			17.6.4.3 Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
		17.6.5 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
			17.6.5.1 Manifestations of SLE
			17.6.5.2 Diagnosis and treatment of SLE
		17.6.6 Ankylosing spondylitis
		17.6.7 Osteoarthritis
			17.6.7.1 Manifestations of OA
			17.6.7.2 Treatment of OA
		17.6.8 Gout
			17.6.8.1 Manifestations of gout
			17.6.8.2 Treatment of gout
Chapter 18: Cancer
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Cancer terminology
		18.2.1 Specific nomenclature examples
	18.3 Theories of oncogenesis
		18.3.1 Mutation of DNA
		18.3.2 Hereditary
	18.4 Local effects of cancer
	18.5 Systemic effects of cancer
	18.6 Tumor staging
	18.7 Cancer detection
		18.7.1 Tumor cell markers
		18.7.2 Tumor grading
		18.7.3 Visualization
		18.7.4 Biopsy
	18.8 Rationale for cancer therapy
		18.8.1 Treatment of cancer
		18.8.2 Hormonal therapy
		18.8.3 Radiation therapy
		18.8.4 Immune-based therapies (“biologic response modifiers”)
Chapter 19: HIV
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 HIV structure and lifecycle
	19.3 Stages in an HIV infection
		19.3.1 Acute illness stage
		19.3.2 Asymptomatic stage
		19.3.3 Symptomatic or AIDS stage
	19.4 Epidemiology of HIV infection
	19.5 Laboratory of diagnosis of HIV
	19.6 Rationale for treatment of HIV
		19.6.1 Treatment of HIV
Index