Essentials of Criminal Justice

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 18
PART I: The Nature of Crime, Law, and Criminal Justice......Page 28
CHAPTER 1: Crime and Criminal Justice......Page 29
Is Crime a Recent Development?......Page 33
Developing the Criminal Justice System......Page 34
The Contemporary Criminal Justice System......Page 36
The Formal Criminal Justice Process......Page 40
The Informal Criminal Justice System......Page 45
Perspectives on Justice......Page 48
Ethics in Criminal Justice......Page 55
CHAPTER 2: The Nature of Crime and Victimization......Page 63
How Is Crime Defined?......Page 67
How Is Crime Measured?......Page 69
Crime Trends......Page 73
Crime Patterns......Page 80
Causes of Crime and Victimization......Page 88
CHAPTER 3: Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure......Page 107
Historical Development of the Criminal Law......Page 114
Sources of the Criminal Law......Page 115
The Legal Definition of a Crime......Page 118
Criminal Defenses......Page 123
Reforming the Criminal Law......Page 128
Constitutional Criminal Procedure......Page 130
Due Process of Law......Page 132
PART II: The Police and Law Enforcement......Page 138
CHAPTER 4: Police in Society: History and Organization......Page 139
The History of Police......Page 142
Policing in the Twentieth Century......Page 147
Policing and Law Enforcement Today......Page 150
Technology and Law Enforcement......Page 157
CHAPTER 5: The Police: Role and Function......Page 167
The Police Organization......Page 170
The Police Role......Page 172
The Patrol Function......Page 173
The Investigation Function......Page 177
Community Policing......Page 187
Problem-Oriented Policing......Page 192
Support Functions......Page 193
CHAPTER 6: Issues in Policing: Professional, Social, and Legal......Page 199
Who Are the Police?......Page 203
The Police Profession......Page 208
Police Discretion......Page 212
Problems of Policing......Page 215
Use of Force......Page 221
Police and the Rule of Law......Page 225
PART III: Courts and Adjudication......Page 236
CHAPTER 7: Courts, Prosecution, and the Defense......Page 237
State Courts......Page 241
Federal Courts......Page 245
The U.S. Supreme Court......Page 247
The Judiciary......Page 249
The Prosecutor......Page 254
Prosecutorial Discretion......Page 256
The Defense Attorney......Page 261
The Right to Counsel......Page 262
Court Administration......Page 267
CHAPTER 8: Pretrial and Trial Procedures......Page 275
Bail......Page 278
Charging the Defendant......Page 285
Plea Bargaining......Page 289
Pretrial Diversion......Page 295
The Trial......Page 296
CHAPTER 9: Punishment and Sentencing......Page 319
The History of Punishment......Page 323
The Goals of Modern Sentencing......Page 325
Sentencing Models......Page 329
Imposing the Sentence......Page 334
How People Are Sentenced......Page 335
Capital Punishment......Page 341
PART IV: Corrections and Alternative Sanctions......Page 358
CHAPTER 10: Community Sentences: Probation, Intermediate Sanctions, and Restorative Justice......Page 359
Probation Today......Page 363
Intermediate Sanctions......Page 377
Restorative Justice......Page 388
CHAPTER 11: Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations......Page 397
The History of Correctional Institutions......Page 401
Jails......Page 411
Prisons......Page 416
Alternative Correctional Institutions......Page 421
Inmate Populations......Page 425
CHAPTER 12: Prison Life: Living in and Leaving Prison......Page 433
Men Imprisoned......Page 437
Women Imprisoned......Page 442
Correctional Treatment Methods......Page 446
Guarding the Institution......Page 452
Prison Violence......Page 455
Prisoners' Rights......Page 458
Leaving Prison......Page 462
PART V: Contemporary Challenges of the American Criminal Justice System......Page 474
CHAPTER 13: Juvenile Justice in the Twenty-first Century......Page 475
The History of Juvenile Justice......Page 479
Establishment of the Juvenile Court......Page 481
Juvenile Justice Today......Page 484
The Juvenile Court Process......Page 490
The Juvenile Correctional Process......Page 499
CHAPTER 14: Criminal Justice in the New Millennium: Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Cyber Crime......Page 511
Terrorism......Page 515
Homeland Security: The Criminal Justice Response to Terrorism......Page 518
Cyber Crime......Page 530
Controlling Cyber Crime......Page 538
Glossary......Page 545
Notes......Page 555
Case Index......Page 594
Name Index......Page 597
Subject Index......Page 607
Photo Credits......Page 622