Essential Readings in Light Metals: Volume 4 Electrode Technology for Aluminum Production

Front Matter....Pages i-xxv
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Calcined Coke from Crude Oil to Customer Silo....Pages 3-10
Refinery Feedstocks, Coke Structures and Aluminum Cell Anodes....Pages 11-18
Coker Feedstock Characteristics and Calcined Coke Properties....Pages 19-23
Quality and Process Performance of Rotary Kilns and Shaft Calciners....Pages 24-29
High Vanadium Venezuelan Petroleum Coke, A Rawmaterial for the Aluminum Industry?....Pages 30-35
Use of Shot Coke as an Anode Raw Material....Pages 36-41
Influence of High-Sulfur Cokes on Anode Performance....Pages 42-52
Carbon Raw Material Effects on Aluminum Reduction Cell Anodes....Pages 53-58
A Comprehensive Determination of Effects of Calcined Petroleum Coke Properties on Aluminum Reduction Cell Anode Properties....Pages 59-72
A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of Calcination at Various Temperatures on Coke Structure and Properties Part II....Pages 73-83
Influence of Coke Real Density on Anode Reactivity Consequence on Anode Baking....Pages 84-92
Coke Calcination Levels and Aluminum Anode Quality....Pages 93-100
Impact of Coke Calcination Level and Anode Baking Temperature on Anode Properties....Pages 101-108
Use of Under-Calcined Coke for the Production of Low Reactivity Anodes....Pages 109-113
Anode Filler Coke Porosity Studies....Pages 114-118
Desulfurization and Its Effect on Calcined Coke Properties....Pages 119-122
Influence of Petroleum Coke Sulphur Content on the Sodium Sensitivity of Carbon Anodes....Pages 123-129
A review of Coke and Anode Desulfurization....Pages 130-135
Coke and Anode Desulfurization Studies....Pages 136-141
Minimizing Impact of Low Sulfur Coke on Anode Quality....Pages 142-147
Back Matter....Pages 731-737
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Evaluating Calcined Coke for Aluminum Smelting by Bulk Density....Pages 148-155
Maintaining Consistent Anode Density Using Varying Carbon Raw Materials....Pages 156-162
Coke Blending and Fines Circuit Targeting at the Alcoa Deschambault Smelter....Pages 163-166
Worldwide Pitch Quality for Prebaked Anodes....Pages 167-176
Coal Tar Pitch-Past, Present, and Future....Pages 177-181
Electrode Binder Pyrolysis and Bond-Coke Microstructure....Pages 182-197
Binder for the Ideal Anode Carbon....Pages 198-214
Binding Characteristics of Coal Tar Pitches for Prebaked Anode Mix — Choice Criteria LRF Report — 830....Pages 215-224
The Influence of Solid Particles in Pitch on the Preparation and Baking of the Carbon Blocks....Pages 225-231
Performance of Binder Pitches with Decreased QI-Content in Anode Making Formation — Nature — Properites and Substitution of Quinoline Insolubles....Pages 232-238
Temperature Stability of Søderberg Anode Pitch....Pages 239-245
Developing Coal Tar/Petroleum Pitches....Pages 246-250
Investigation of the Quality of Recycled Anode Butts....Pages 251-266
Interdependence Between Properties of Anode Butts and Quality of Prebaked Anodes....Pages 267-270
New Methods for Testing Raw Materials for Anode Carbon Paste....Pages 271-280
Standardization of a Calcined Coke Bulk Density Test....Pages 281-289
Reactivity Testing of Anode Carbon Materials....Pages 290-297
Characterization of Prebaked Anode Carbon By Mechanical and Thermal Properties....Pages 298-306
Aggregate Optimization Using a Y-Blender....Pages 307-312
Søderberg Paste. Effect of Fine Fraction Variations....Pages 313-317
Back Matter....Pages 731-737
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Finer Fines in Anode Formulation....Pages 318-321
Process Adaptations for Finer Dust Formulations: Mixing and Forming....Pages 322-327
Effects of Mixing Variables and Mold Temperature on Prebaked Anode Quality....Pages 328-332
Improving Anode Quality by Separately Optimising Mixing and Compacting Temperatures....Pages 333-338
Vibration Forming of Carbon Blocks....Pages 339-350
Cooling of Green Anodes after Forming....Pages 351-357
Recent Improvement in Paste Plant Design Industrial Application and Results....Pages 358-364
Going Beyond SPC — Why We Need Statistical Thinking in Operations Such as Carbon Plants....Pages 365-370
Properties and Behaviour of Green Anodes....Pages 371-377
Potentialities in the Paste Plant....Pages 378-385
Mathematical Simulation of a Horizontal Flue Ring Furnace....Pages 386-389
Flue Gas Management....Pages 390-395
Safe Operation of Anode Baking Furnaces....Pages 396-402
Anode Baking: The Underestimated Human Aspect....Pages 403-407
Specific Energy Consumption in Anode Bake Furnaces....Pages 408-413
Evaluation of the Uniformity of Baking in Horizontal and Vertical Flue Ring Furnaces....Pages 414-417
Measurement and Control of the Calcining Level in Anode Baking Furnaces....Pages 418-421
The Equivalent Temperature Method for Measuring the Baking Level of Anodes....Pages 422-426
Baking Parameters and the Resulting Anode Quality....Pages 427-433
Anode Desulfurization on Baking....Pages 434-443
Back Matter....Pages 731-737
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
The Effect of Prebake Anode Baking Temperature on Potroom Performance....Pages 444-449
Influence of Baking Temperature and Anode Effects Upon Carbon Sloughing....Pages 450-468
Influence of Anode Baking Temperature and Current Density Upon Carbon Sloughing....Pages 469-477
Anode Reactivity Influence of the Baking Process....Pages 478-485
Modern Anode Bake Furnace Developments....Pages 486-491
Strategies for the Revision of Bake Furnaces....Pages 492-499
Temperature and Voltage Measurements in Hall Cell Anodes....Pages 500-508
Studies of Stub to Carbon Voltage....Pages 510-515
Factors in the Design of Reduction Cell Anodes....Pages 516-523
Anode Cast Iron Thickness Optimization....Pages 524-528
Drilling of Stub Holes in Prebake Anodes....Pages 529-533
Problems of the Stub — Anode Connection....Pages 534-542
Challenges in Stub Hole Optimisation of Cast Iron Rodded Anodes....Pages 543-548
Real Time Temperature Distribution During Sealing Process and Room Temperature Air Gap Measurements of a Hall-Héroult Cell Anode....Pages 549-554
Effects of Carbonaceous Rodding Mix Formulation on Steel-Carbon Contact Resistance....Pages 555-563
Anode Carbon Reactivity....Pages 564-579
Studies on Anode Reactivity to Oxidant Gases....Pages 580-588
Some Practical Consequences of Analyses of the Carboxy and Airburn Reactions of Anode Carbons....Pages 589-593
A Porosimetric Study of Sub-Surface Carboxy Oxidation in Anodes....Pages 594-605
Studies of the Impact of Vanadium and Sodium on the Air Reactivity of Coke and Anodes....Pages 606-610
Back Matter....Pages 731-737
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
A Review of Factors Affecting Carbon Anode Consumption in the Electrolytic Production of Aluminum....Pages 611-622
Reflections on the Carbon Consumption of Prebaked Anodes....Pages 623-632
Anode Dusting in Hall — Heroult Cells....Pages 633-642
The Influence of Low Current Densities on Anode Performance....Pages 643-648
Dust Generation and Accumulation for Changing Anode Quality and Cell Parameters....Pages 649-656
Anode Dusting from a Potroom Perspective at Nordural and Correlation with Anode Properties....Pages 657-662
The Reduction in Anode Airburn with Protective Covers....Pages 663-666
Reactivity and Electrolytic Consumption of Anode Carbon with Various Additives....Pages 667-672
Bath Impregnation of Carbon Anodes....Pages 673-679
Effects of Coke and Formulation Variables on Cracking of Bench Scale Prebaked Anode Specimens....Pages 680-686
Thermal Shock in Anodes for the Electrolytic Production of Aluminium....Pages 687-693
Operating Parameters Affecting Thermal Shock Cracking of Anodes in the Valco Smelter....Pages 694-699
Thermal Shock of Anodes — a Solved Problem?....Pages 700-709
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Aspects of Anode Cracking....Pages 710-716
An Approach for a Complete Evaluation of Resistance to Thermal Shock....Pages 717-722
Finite Element Modelling of Thermal Stress in Anodes....Pages 723-729
Back Matter....Pages 731-737
Front Matter....Pages 739-739
ISO Standards for Testing of Cathode Materials....Pages 741-746
Laboratory Testing of Carbon Cathode Materials at Operational Temperatures....Pages 747-753
Structural Changes in Carbon by Heat Treatment....Pages 754-761
Low Electrical Resistivity and High Thermal Conductivity Carbon Products: the Solution For Cell Lining....Pages 762-772
Back Matter....Pages 1067-1069
Front Matter....Pages 739-739
Aluminium Pechiney Experience with Graphitized Cathode Blocks....Pages 773-778
Some Experiments in Cathode Carbon....Pages 779-786
How to Improve the Pig Iron Sealing of Metallic Bars in Cathode Carbon Blocks....Pages 787-792
Stress Analysis of Cathode Bottom Blocks....Pages 793-798
Experimental Comparison of Cathode Rodding Practices....Pages 799-803
Compaction of Room Temperature Ramming Paste....Pages 804-813
Densification of Ramming Paste in Cathodes....Pages 814-820
Investigation Into the Expansion/Contraction Behaviour of Cold Ramming Pastes During Baking Using a Horizontal Dilatometer Method....Pages 821-826
Ramming Paste Related Failures in Cathode Linings....Pages 827-833
Corrosion and Behaviour of Fireclay Bricks of Varying Chemical Composition Used in the Bottom Lining of Reduction Cells....Pages 834-839
Experiences with Dry Barrier Powder Materials in Aluminium Electrolysis Cells....Pages 840-848
Cathode Refractory Materials for Aluminium Reduction Cells....Pages 849-856
Evaluation of Silicon Carbide Bricks....Pages 857-865
Quality Evaluation of Nitride Bonded Silicon Carbide Sidelining Materials....Pages 866-871
SiC in Electrolysis Pots: An Update....Pages 872-875
Thermal Insulation Materials for Reduction Cell Cathodes....Pages 876-887
Use of Cell Autopsy to Diagnose Potlining Problems....Pages 888-893
Processes Occurring in the Carbon Lining of an Aluminum Reduction Cell....Pages 894-902
A Study of Some Aspects of the Influence of Cell Operation on Cathode Life....Pages 903-908
Potlining Failure Modes....Pages 909-913
Back Matter....Pages 1067-1069
Front Matter....Pages 739-739
Design of Highly Reliable Pot Linings....Pages 914-920
Early Failure Mechanisms in Aluminium Cell Cathodes....Pages 921-930
A Comparative Examination on Ageing of Cathodes: Amorphous Versus Graphitic Type....Pages 931-935
Property Changes of Cathode Lining Materials During Cell Operation....Pages 936-945
Reaction Between Carbon Lining and Hall Bath....Pages 946-952
Penetration of Sodium and Bath Constituents into Cathode Carbon Materials Used in Industrial Cells....Pages 953-959
Chemical Resistance of Cathode Carbon Materials During Electrolysis....Pages 960-965
The Effect of Current Density on Cathode Expansion During Start-Up....Pages 966-971
Reactions in the Bottom Lining of Aluminium Reduction Cells....Pages 972-977
Chemical Degradation Map for Sodium Attack in Refractory Linings....Pages 978-983
Physical and Chemical Wear of Carbon Cathode Materials....Pages 984-991
Carbon Cathode Corrosion by Aluminium Carbide Formation in Cryolitic Melts....Pages 992-998
Erosion of Cathode Blocks in 180 kA Prebake Cells....Pages 999-1004
Graphite Cathode Wear Study at Alouette....Pages 1005-1010
Electrolytic Degradation Within Cathode Materials....Pages 1011-1016
Influence of Internal Cathode Structure on Behavior During Electrolysis Part II: Porosity and Wear Mechanisms in Graphitized Cathode Material....Pages 1017-1022
Influence of Internal Cathode Structure on Behavior During Electrolysis Part III: Wear Behavior in Graphitic Materials....Pages 1023-1028
Formation and Distribution of Cyanide in the Lining of Aluminum Reduction Cells....Pages 1029-1036
Potlning Flux in Making Steel....Pages 1037-1043
Thermal Treatment of Spent Potliner in a Rotary Kiln....Pages 1044-1048
Back Matter....Pages 1067-1069
Front Matter....Pages 739-739
Treatment and Reuse of Spent Pot Lining, an Industrial Application in a Cement Kiln....Pages 1049-1056
Co-Processing at Cement Plant of Spent Potlining from the Aluminum Industry....Pages 1057-1063
Development Status of Processing Technology for Spent Potlining in China....Pages 1064-1066
Back Matter....Pages 1067-1069
Front Matter....Pages 1071-1071
Solubilities of Oxides for Inert Anodes in Cryolite-Based Melts....Pages 1073-1081
Corrosion and Passivation of Cermet Inert Anodes in Cryolite-Type Electrolytes....Pages 1082-1093
Testing of Cerium Oxide Coated Cermet Anodes in a Laboratory Cell....Pages 1094-1103
A Non-Consumable Metal Anode for Production of Aluminum with Low-Temperature Fluoride Melts....Pages 1104-1109
The Behaviour of Nickel Ferrite Cermet Materials as Inert Anodes....Pages 1110-1118
Tin Dioxide-Based Ceramics as Inert Anodes for Aluminium Smelting: A Laboratory Study....Pages 1119-1125
Inert Anodes: An Update....Pages 1126-1133
The Application of the Refractory Carbides and Borides to Aluminum Reduction Cells....Pages 1134-1144
Use of TiB2 Cathode Material Application and Benefits in Conventional VSS Cells....Pages 1145-1152
Use of TiB2 Cathode Material: Demonstrated Energy Conservation in VSS Cells....Pages 1153-1163
A Review of RHM Cathode Development....Pages 1164-1170
Properties of a Colloidal Alumina-Bonded TiB2 Coating on Cathode Carbon Materials....Pages 1171-1178
Sodium and Bath Penetration Into TiB2-Carbon Cathodes During Laboratory Aluminium Electrolysis....Pages 1179-1184
Wettable Cathodes: An Update....Pages 1185-1190
Back Matter....Pages 1191-1192
Back Matter....Pages 1193-1195