Essential Of Oral Pathology

Cover
Contents
	Section 1
		C hapter 1. Basic Principles
		C hapter 2. T1, T2 Relaxations and Image Weighting 8
		C hapter 3. K- S pace and Scanning Parameters
		C hapter 4. Magnetic Resonance Instrumentation 22
		C hapter 5. Sequences I: Basic Principles and C lassification
		C hapter 6. Sequences II: Accessory Techniques
		C hapter 7. Sequences III: When to U se W hat S equences 58
		C hapter 8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts 73
		C hapter 9. Magnetic Resonance Safety
		C hapter 10. Magnetic Resonance Contrast Media 91
		C hapter 11. P rinciples of Interpretation: Neuroimaging 102
		C hapter 12. P rinciples of Interpretation: Body Imaging 115
		Section 2
		C hapter 13. 3-Tesla MRI
		C hapter 14. Magnetic Resonance Angiography 129
		C hapter 15. Magnetic Resonance Diffusion
		C hapter 16. Magnetic Resonance Perfusion
		C hapter 17. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 158
		C hapter 18. C ardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging 172
		C hapter 19. Magnetic Resonance C holangiopancreatography
		C hapter 20. Miscellaneous Neuroimaging MR T echniques
		C hapter 21. Miscellaneous Body Imaging MR Techniques
Section 1
Basic Principles
	How do protons help in MR imaging?
	L ongitudinal Magnetization
	T r ansverse Magnetization
	MR Signal
		R e vision:
	L ocalization of the Signal
		Slice Selection G r adient
		P hase Encoding and Frequency Encoding G r adients
		Why Proton only?
T1, T2 Relaxations and Image Weighting
	What happens when RF pulse is switched off?
	L ongitudinal Relaxation
	T r ansverse Relaxation
	T2* (T2 star)
	TR and TE
	T1 Weighted Image
		How does one make images T1 weighted?
	T2 Weighted Image
		How does one make images T2 weighted?
	P r oton Density ( PD ) Image
K -Space and Scanning Parameters
	K -Space
	P arameters of Scanning
	Image Quality Determinants
		Imaging time :
		a T = TR x N* x NEX
			WHEN YOU SCAN…..
Magnetic Resonance Instrumentation
	Magnetism
		P aramagnetism
		Diamagnetism
		F erromagnetism
	Magnetic Field Strength
	Magnets
		P ermanent Magnet
		Electromagnets
		Superconducting Magnets
		S tarting the Magnet
		Quench
		Magnetic F ield Homogeneity
		S hielding
	Gradients
	Radiofrequency Coils
		V olume coil
		Surface coil
		P hased-array (PA) coil
	C omputers and Accessories
Sequences I: Basic Principles and Classification
	C lassification
	Spin Echo ( SE ) Pulse Sequence
		Modifications of SE S equences
			1. DUAL SPIN-ECHO Sequence
			2. FAST (TURBO) SPIN-ECHO Sequence
			3. SINGLE-SHOT FAST SPIN-ECHO Sequence
	Gradient Echo (GRE) Sequence
		T ypes of GRE Sequences
			SPOILED/INCOHERENT GRE Sequences
			STEADY STATE (SS) Sequences
	Inversion Recovery (IR) Sequence
		T issue Suppression
		T ypes of IR S equences
			SHORT TI (tau) IR S equence (STIR)
			L ONG TI IR S equence
	E cho Planar Imaging (EPI)
Sequences II: A c c essory Techniques
	F a t Suppression
	P arallel Imaging
	Respiratory C ompensation Techniques
	Gradient Moment Rephasing ( GMR )
	Magnetization Transfer
	K e yhole Imaging
	Saturation Band
Sequences III: When to U se W hat S equences
	T1- Weighted Sequences
		In and O ut-of- P hase I maging
		T1-w 3D GRE (VIBE/3D-FLASH/LAVA/THRIVE)
		Medium Ti Inversion Recovery Sequence
	T2-Weighted Sequences
		Single Shot Fast Spine Echo (SSFSE/HASTE)
		S hort Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR)
		F luid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR)
		Balanced SSFP (TRUFISP/FIESTA/Balanced TFE)
		C onstructive I n t erference at S t eady S tate (CISS)/ FIESTA-C
	T2* Weighted Sequences
	C artilage Sensitive Sequences
		Dual E cho at S t eady S tate (DESS) (Siemens)
		Multi E cho Data Image Combination (MEDIC) (Siemens)
		MPGR (GE)/T2 FFE (Philips)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts
	Ghosts/Motion Artifacts
		C orrective Measures
	A liasing/ Wraparound
		C orrective Measures
	C hemical Shift Related Artifacts
	T r uncation Artifact
	Magnetic Susceptibility Artifact
		C orrective Measures
		Good Effects
	S traight Lines and Zipper Artifacts
		C orrective Measures
	S hading Artifacts
		C orrective Measures
	C r oss Excitation and Cross Talk
		C orrective Measures
	P arallel Imaging Artifact
Magnetic Resonance Safety
	MR Bioeffects
		A c oustic Noise
	Safety Related Issues
		PRECAUTIONS
		ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS
Magnetic Resonance C ontrast Media
	C lassification of MR contrast media
		Depending on Relaxivity
		Depending on Susceptibility
	Mechanism of MR C ontrast E nhancement
	Gadolinium
		Gadolinium Chelates
			Gadolinium
		A dverse Reactions
	N ephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF)
		Safety Issues
	Other MR Contrast Agents
		1. Iron Oxide (Fe 3 O 4 )-
		3. Dysprosium Chelates : Dy-HP-DO3A
	Oral Contrast Agents
	Role of Contrast in MRI
	N ormal Signal Intensity
	Sequence Selection
		Stroke I maging
		T umors
		Infection
		Epilepsy
		CP A ngle L esions
		Demyelinating L esions
		T r auma
		MRI in Pediatric B r ain
Body Imaging
	Sequences
		Spine I maging
		Marrow I maging
		Musculoskeletal N eoplasms
		Joint Imaging
		Abdominal I maging
		P elvic I maging
	Section 2
3-Tesla MRI
	Physics D ifferences
	A rtifacts
	Safety I ssues
	C linical Applications
Magnetic Resonance A ngiography
	T ypes of MRA
	N oncontrast MRA Techniques
		T ime of Flight MRA ( To f - MRA )
		Phase Contrast MRA
		ECG -Gated FSE MRA
		SSFP -Based MRA
	C ontrast Enhanced MRA (CEMRA)
Magnetic Resonance Diffusion
	W hat is D iffusion?
	H o w do we Acquire D iffusion W eighted I mages?
		The b-value
		Diffusion “trace”
		ADC: Apparent Diffusion Coefficient
		T2 Shine through
		Images available to view
	C linical A pplications of DWI
		N euroimaging Applications
		D WI in Body Imaging
	Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Magnetic Resonance P erfusion
	P rinciples
	T echnique of MR Perfusion with Exogenous Contrast Agent
		P ermeability or L eakiness
	C linical A pplications
		MR Perfusion in Stroke
		MR P erfusion in B r ain T umors
		Other Clinical Uses
	A rterial Spin Labeling (ASL)
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
	Basic Principles
	L ocalization Techniques in MRS
	S t eps in MRS Acquisition
	Metabolites of 1H MRS
		7. Lipids
		8. A minoacids
		9. Glucose
	C linical Uses of MRS
C ardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	ECG Gating
	Imaging Sequences
		Dark-blood T echnique
		Bright-blood T echnique
	Imaging Planes
	C linical Applications of CMRI
		1. C ongenital heart disease (CHD)
		2. V alvular heart disease
		3. C ardiomyopathies
		4. V entricular function
		5. C oronary artery assessment
		6. Myocardial perfusion and viability
		7. C ardiac and pericardial masses
		8. P ericardial disease
	Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
		P rinciples
		Sequences used in MRCP
		MRCP Protocol and Technique
		C linical Applications of MRCP
Miscellaneous Neuroimaging MR
T echniques
	f MRI : Functional MRI
		Clinical A pplications of fMRI
	Susceptibility Weighted Imaging
	C erebrospinal Fluid Flow Study
Miscellaneous Body Imaging MR Techniques
	Magnetic Resonance Enterography
	MR Urography
	Iron Overload Imaging
	Magnetic Resonance Elastography
	Magnetic Resonance Arthrography
		Indications:
Index