Essential Cell Biology

Cover (Essential Cell Biology)
......Page 1
Half Title......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Preface ......Page 7
Acknowledgments ......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 12
Contents ......Page 17
Chapter 1 - Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life......Page 35
Unity and Diversity of Cells ......Page 36
Cells Under the Microscope ......Page 40
The Prokaryotic Cell ......Page 45
The Eukaryotic Cell ......Page 50
Model Organisms ......Page 61
Chapter 2 - Chemical Components of Cells......Page 73
Chemical Bonds ......Page 74
Small Molecules in Cells ......Page 84
Macromolecules in Cells ......Page 92
Chapter 3 - Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis......Page 115
The Use of Energy by Cells ......Page 116
Free Energy and Catalysis ......Page 122
Activated Carriers and Biosynthesis ......Page 135
Chapter 4 - Protein Structure and Function......Page 151
The Shape and Structure of Proteins ......Page 153
How Proteins Work ......Page 171
How Proteins are Controlled......Page 183
How Proteins are Studied......Page 192
Chapter 5 - DNA and Chromosomes......Page 207
The Structure of DNA......Page 208
The Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes ......Page 212
The Regulation of Chromosome Structure ......Page 222
Chapter 6 - DNA Replication and Repair......Page 233
DNA Replication......Page 234
DNA Repair......Page 249
Chapter 7 - From DNA to Protein: How Cells Read the Genome......Page 261
From DNA to RNA......Page 262
From RNA to Protein......Page 277
RNA and the Origins of Life......Page 293
Chapter 8 - Control of Gene Expression......Page 301
An Overview of Gene Expression ......Page 302
How Transcription Is Regulated ......Page 305
Generating Specialized Cell Types ......Page 312
Post-Transcriptional Controls......Page 321
Chapter 9 - How Genes and Genomes Evolve......Page 331
Generating Genetic Variation ......Page 332
Reconstructing Life’s Family Tree ......Page 343
Mobile Genetic Elements and Viruses ......Page 349
Examining the Human Genome ......Page 354
Chapter 10 - Analyzing the Structure and Function of Genes......Page 367
Isolating and Cloning DNA Molecules......Page 368
DNA Cloning by PCR......Page 375
Sequencing DNA......Page 380
Exploring Gene Function ......Page 384
Chapter 11 - Membrane Structure......Page 399
The Lipid Bilayer ......Page 401
Membrane Proteins ......Page 409
Chapter 12 - Transport Across Cell Membranes......Page 423
Principles of Transmembrane Transport ......Page 424
Transporters and Their Functions ......Page 429
Ion Channels and the Membrane Potential ......Page 437
Ion Channels and Nerve Cell Signaling ......Page 444
Chapter 13 - How Cells Obtain Energy from Food......Page 461
The Breakdown and Utilization of Sugars and Fats ......Page 462
Regulation of Metabolism ......Page 481
Chapter 14 - Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts......Page 489
Mitochondria and Oxidative Phosphorylation ......Page 493
Molecular Mechanisms of Electron Transport and Proton Pumping ......Page 503
Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis ......Page 512
The Evolution of Energy-Generating Systems......Page 522
Chapter 15 - Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport......Page 529
Membrane-Enclosed Organelles......Page 530
Protein Sorting ......Page 534
Vesicular Transport ......Page 545
Secretory Pathways ......Page 549
Endocytic Pathways ......Page 557
Chapter 16 - Cell Signaling......Page 567
General Principles of Cell Signaling ......Page 568
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors......Page 579
Enzyme-Coupled Receptors......Page 591
Chapter 17 - Cytoskeleton......Page 607
Intermediate Filaments ......Page 609
Microtubules ......Page 614
Actin Filaments ......Page 626
Muscle Contraction ......Page 634
Chapter 18 - The Cell-Division Cycle......Page 643
Overview of the Cell Cycle ......Page 644
The Cell-Cycle Control System......Page 647
G1 Phase ......Page 654
S Phase ......Page 657
M Phase ......Page 658
Mitosis ......Page 661
Cytokinesis ......Page 670
Control of Cell Numbers and Cell Size ......Page 673
Chapter 19 - Sexual Reproduction and Genetics......Page 685
The Benefits of Sex ......Page 686
Meiosis and Fertilization ......Page 688
Mendel and the Laws of Inheritance ......Page 698
Genetics as an Experimental Tool ......Page 708
Exploring Human Genetics ......Page 712
Chapter 20 - Cell Communities: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer......Page 725
Extracellular Matrix and Connective Tissues ......Page 726
Epithelial Sheets and Cell Junctions ......Page 735
Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal ......Page 743
Cancer ......Page 752
Answers ......Page 769
Glossary ......Page 825
Index ......Page 843