Ergonomics in the Automotive Design Process: Advanced Topics, Measurements, Modeling and Research

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
	Material for Website
About the Author
Acknowledgments
14 Modeling Driver Vision
	Use of Driver Vision Models in Vehicle Design
	Systems Considerations Related to Visibility
	Light Measurements
		Light Measurement Units
		Photometry and Measurement Instruments
	Visual Contrast Thresholds
		Blackwell Contrast Threshold Curves
	Computation of Threshold Contrast and Visibility Distance
	Effect of Glare on Visual Contrast
	Steps in Computing Visibility of a Target
	Example 1: Target Visibility Without Glare
	Example 2: Target Visibility in Presence of a Glare Source
	Discomfort Glare Prediction
	Legibility
		Factors Affecting Legibility
		Modeling Legibility
	Veiling Glare Caused by Reflection of the Instrument Panel into the Windshield
	A Design Tool to Evaluate Veiling Glare Effects
		Veiling Glare Prediction Model
		Model Applications Illustrating Effects of Driver Age, Sun Illumination and Vehicle Design Parameters
	Concluding Remarks
	References
15 Driver Performance Measurements
	Introduction to Driver Measurements
		Characteristics of Effective Performance Measures
	Driving and Non-driving Tasks
	Determining What to Measure
	Driver Performance Measures
		Types and Categories
		Some Measures Used in the Literature
	Range of Driving Performance Measures
	Some Studies Illustrating Driver Behavioral and Performance Measurements
		Standard Deviation of Lateral Position
		Standard Deviation of Steering Wheel Angle
		Standard Deviation of Velocity
		Vehicle Speed
		Total Task Time, Glance Durations and Number of Glances
		Driver Errors
	Some Driving Performance Measurement Applications
	Concluding Remarks
	References
16 Driver Workload Measurements
	Introduction to Driver Workload
	Driver Tasks and Workload Assessment
	Present Situation in the Industry
	Concepts Underlying Mental Workload
	Methods to Measure Driver Workload
	Some Studies Illustrating Driver Workload Measurements
		Destination Entry in Navigation Systems
		Handheld Versus Voice Interfaces for Cell Phones and Mp3 Players
		Text Messaging During Simulated Driving
		Comparison of Driver Behavior and Performance in Two Driving Simulators
		Applications of the Iso Lane Change Test
	Concluding Comments
	References
17 Ergonomic Considerations in Electric Vehicle Development
	Introduction
		What Is an Electric Vehicle?
			System Architecture of Electric Automotive Products
	Specifications for an Electric Car: a Case Study
		Objective
		Project Background
		Application of Matrix Data Analysis
		Advantages and Disadvantages of Electric Vehicles
	Ergonomic Considerations in Designing an Ev
	Infrastructure Standardization for Electric Vehicles
	Charging Stations and Chargers for Electric Vehicles
	Types of Chargers
	Concluding Remarks
	References
18 Ergonomic Issues in Autonomous Vehicles
	Introduction
		What Are Self-driving Vehicles?
		Current State
		Major Systems of an Autonomous Vehicle
	Sae Levels of Automation
	Benefits of Driverless Vehicles
	Disadvantages of Driverless Vehicles
	Near Future of Driverless Vehicles
	Ergonomic Considerations in Designing Autonomous Vehicles
	Concluding Remarks
	References
19 Vehicle Evaluation Methods
	Overview on Evaluation Issues
	Ergonomic Evaluations During Vehicle Development
	Evaluation Methods
	Methods of Data Collection and Analysis
		Observational Methods
		Communication Methods
		Experimental Methods
	Objective Measures and Data Analysis Methods
	Subjective Methods and Data Analysis
	Checklists
	Vehicle User Interviews
	Rating on a Scale
	Paired Comparison-based Methods
	Application of Analytical Hierarchy Method to a Multi-attributes Problem
	Concluding Remarks
	References
20 Understanding Interfaces Between Vehicle Systems
	Introduction
	Interfaces
		What Is an Interface?
		Types of Interfaces
	Interface Requirements
	Visualizing Interfaces
		Representing an Interface
		Interface Diagram
		Interface Matrix
	Examples of Interface Diagram and Interface Matrix
	Vehicle Brake System Interfaces: an Example of Interface Analysis
	Design Iterations to Eliminate or Improve Interfaces
	Sharing of Common Entities Across Vehicle Lines
	Concluding Remarks
	References
21 Detailed Engineering Design During Automotive Product Development
	Introduction
	Engineering Design
	Six Products Example
	Systems Engineering “v” Model
	Activities in Engineering Design
	Concluding Remarks
	References
22 Vehicle Evaluation, Verification and Validation
	Objectives and Introduction
	Why Evaluate, Verify and Validate?
		Testing, Verification and Validation
		Distinctions Between Product Verification and Product Validation
	Overview on Evaluation Issues
		Types of Evaluations
	Evaluations During Product Development
		Verification Plan and Tests
		Validation Plan and Tests
	Vehicle Ergonomics Evaluations
	Concluding Remarks
	References
23 Costs and Benefit Considerations and Models
	Introduction
	Cost-benefit Analysis: What Is It?
	Why Use Cost-benefit Analysis?
	Some Examples of Problems for Application of Cost-benefit Analysis
	Types of Costs
		Non-recurring and Recurring Costs
			Nonrecurring Costs
			Recurring Costs
	Revenues
		Make Versus Buy Decisions
		Fixed Versus Variable Costs
	Quality Costs
		Manufacturing Costs
		Safety Costs
		Product Termination Costs
		Total Life Cycle Costs
	Effect of Time on Costs
	Benefits Estimation
	Program Financial Plan
		An Example: Automotive Product Program Cash Flow
	Effect of Ergonomic Design Changes on Vehicle Program Finances
	Product Pricing Approaches
		Traditional Costs-plus Approach
		Market Price-minus Profit Approach
		Trade-offs and Risks
		Software Applications
	Concluding Remarks
	References
24 Special Driver and User Populations
	An Overview on Users and Their Needs
	Understanding Users: Issues and Considerations
	Vehicle Types and Body Styles
	Market Segments
	Female Drivers
	Older Drivers
	Effect of Geographic Locations of the Markets
	Drivers with Disabilities and Functional Limitations
	Issues in Designing Global Vehicles
	Futuring
	Concluding Comments
	References
25 Future Research and New Technology Issues
	Introduction
	Ergonomic Needs in Designing Vehicles
	Vehicle Features in the Near Future
	Future Research Needs and Challenges
		Enabling Technologies
	Currently Available New Technology Hardware and Applications
	A Possible Technology Implementation Plan
	Questions Related to Implementation of the Technologies
	Special Needs of Growing Market Segments
		Pickup Trucks
		Suvs
	Other Research Needs
	Concluding Remarks
	References
26 Product Liability Litigations and Ergonomic Considerations
	Introduction
		Terms and Principles Used in Product Litigations
		Product Defects
		Warnings
		Safety Costs
	Case Studies with Ergonomic Considerations
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Index