Equality law EU

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 12
List of Contributors......Page 14
List of Abbreviations......Page 17
Table of Cases......Page 20
PART I......Page 29
Part I......Page 31
From a ‘hierarchy of equality’ to inter-sectionality......Page 32
A time of change......Page 34
Ongoing racial and religious tensions in the EU and beyond......Page 37
Part II – Fromsimple beginnings......Page 39
The goals of non-discrimination and equality: from market integration to human rights......Page 40
Equality: towards an autonomous right?......Page 42
Indirect discrimination......Page 46
Positive action......Page 49
Part IV – Nationality......Page 54
Nationality as a tool of classification......Page 55
Third country nationals (TCNs)......Page 56
Nationality and the ‘European Year of Equal Opportunities for All’......Page 57
Nationals from other Member States......Page 59
AMember State’s own nationals: the rule against wholly internal situations......Page 61
Introduction......Page 66
Introduction......Page 68
The human rights context......Page 69
The limits of the Article......Page 72
Action to combat discrimination......Page 74
The protected grounds......Page 83
The ‘sleeping giant’ awakes......Page 86
The five conditions......Page 90
Scope......Page 91
The definition of disability......Page 92
Associative and perceived grounds......Page 93
Harassment......Page 94
Comparable situations......Page 95
Positive action......Page 96
Conflict of rights......Page 97
Intersectional discrimination......Page 98
Concluding points......Page 99
Introduction......Page 101
Conceptions of equality and non-discrimination......Page 102
Equality as protective of ‘prized public goods’......Page 103
Equality as preventing ‘status-harms’ arising from discrimination on particular grounds......Page 104
Equality as proactive promotion of equality of opportunity between particular groups......Page 105
Sources of international provisions on equality and non-discrimination......Page 106
EC equality approaches as a contribution to international equality law......Page 110
Domestic legal developments......Page 112
Differing approaches to equality and non-discrimination revisited......Page 114
Human rights as general principles of Community law......Page 115
Human rights in the context of Community values and objectives......Page 118
Human rights as founding principles and values......Page 119
Human rights as objectives......Page 120
The Lisbon strategy and non-discrimination......Page 123
Mainstreaming and the European Employment Strategy......Page 124
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and equality......Page 127
Brussels European Council and the Charter of Fundamental Rights......Page 132
Continuing developments on equality and human rights in the European Union......Page 134
Human rights and equality: more theoretical issues......Page 137
Conclusion......Page 142
Introduction......Page 145
Demographic change and the ageing of Europe......Page 146
Increase in life expectancy......Page 148
Decrease in fertility rates......Page 149
Globalisation......Page 150
Migration......Page 152
Growth in employment-related migration......Page 153
Continued intensification of refugee and asylum-seeker flows......Page 154
Migration: a multi-faceted panorama......Page 155
Economic consequences......Page 156
Dependency ratio......Page 158
Poverty, pensions and social security in old age......Page 159
Employment, labour market and labour consequences......Page 160
Costs of health and long term care......Page 161
Politics and intergenerational conflict......Page 164
Multiculturalism and social integration......Page 165
What have law and equality got to do with it?......Page 166
Conclusion......Page 168
PART II......Page 171
Introduction......Page 173
One important feature is that sex equality law was part of Community Law from the very beginning......Page 175
Post Amsterdam developments within sex equality law......Page 178
Constitutional developments post Amsterdam......Page 181
The Part-time Work and Fixed-term Work Directives......Page 182
The amended Equal Treatment Directive......Page 185
A new Article 13 Directive......Page 188
The Recast Directive......Page 191
Case law development......Page 193
Commenting on post-Amsterdam developments and pointing towards the future......Page 199
Introduction......Page 206
The construction of a policy against racism......Page 207
The Race Equality Directive......Page 209
Combating racism through EU criminal law......Page 212
The definition of ‘racism and xenophobia’......Page 214
Balancing freedom of expression with combating racism......Page 215
Mainstreaming......Page 216
The process of mainstreaming......Page 217
The product of mainstreaming anti-racism......Page 218
Rhetoric or reality?......Page 220
Finding an institutional identity......Page 221
Fulfilling the mandate......Page 222
From EUMC to Fundamental Rights Agency......Page 223
Race and other equality grounds......Page 224
Race and human rights......Page 226
Conclusion......Page 228
History and context......Page 230
Inclusion of ‘belief’......Page 233
Relationship of the ECHR and the Framework Employment Directive......Page 236
Definition of ‘religion or belief’......Page 237
The concept of discrimination......Page 243
Exceptions......Page 249
Organisations with a religious ethos......Page 250
Evaluation: aiming at the right target?......Page 251
Conclusion......Page 256
1. Introduction – the emergence of the rights-based approach
to disability in the EU......Page 259
2. Anchoring the rights-based approach in EU law......Page 269
3. The value added of the non-discrimination tool......Page 271
4. Anatomy of the Framework Employment Directive
on the disability ground......Page 274
(a) The Recitals as windows on to the values of the Directive
in the disability context......Page 275
(b) The crucial absence of a definition of disability......Page 276
(c) The prohibition on direct and indirect discrimination on the
ground of disability (Article 2)......Page 285
(d) From formal rights to effective rights: the key obligation of
‘reasonable accommodation’ (Articles 2 and 5)......Page 290
(e) The space provided for ‘positive action’ (Article 7)......Page 297
(f) Exemptions: ‘genuine and determining occupational requirement’......Page 301
5. Conclusions......Page 302
9
Age discrimination – Of Cinderella and
The Golden Bough......Page 306
Meanings of age......Page 307
Demographic change and caring......Page 308
Ageing: a highly individualised process......Page 309
Accommodating the effects of ageing......Page 311
Different age cohorts: shared and distinct experiences......Page 312
Vulnerability of older workers......Page 314
Vulnerability of women......Page 315
European policy initiatives......Page 318
Enlargement......Page 320
The role of quality in work......Page 321
Age and the Employment Directive......Page 322
Article 6.1 and ‘legitimate’ age discrimination?......Page 325
Adapting to the peculiarities of age......Page 327
The ‘kernel’ effect......Page 329
Examples of direct age discrimination......Page 330
Interpreting Article 6 – issues......Page 332
Interpreting Article 6 – case law......Page 333
National case law: the Netherlands......Page 335
Human rights, equality and justice......Page 336
Access to justice and promoting age equality......Page 337
Positive action......Page 338
Conclusion......Page 339
Introduction......Page 341
‘Sexual orientation’ as a ground in the Framework Directive......Page 345
Equality concepts......Page 350
Direct discrimination......Page 351
Harassment......Page 356
Indirect discrimination......Page 360
‘Mainstreaming LGB equality’......Page 362
Access to justice......Page 364
Conclusion......Page 369
11 Conclusion......Page 370
Equalising the hierarchy......Page 371
What the Directives have achieved......Page 373
The issue of definition......Page 375
Discrimination on associative or perceived grounds, conflicts of rights andmultiple discrimination......Page 377
European and international human rights instruments......Page 379
Nationality......Page 381
The way forward?......Page 382
Index......Page 386