Epidemiology And Prevention Of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Global Challenge

TITLE......Page 2
COPYRIGHT......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 4
FOREWORD......Page 12
PREFACE......Page 14
DEDICATION......Page 16
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 18
PART 1 A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE......Page 20
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: DEFINITION AND SCOPE......Page 22
THE BASIS OF PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN WORLDWIDE......Page 24
RATES OF OCCURRENCE IN SELECTED POPULATIONS AND CHANGES IN RECENT DECADES......Page 29
CURRENT BURDENS OF MAJOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD......Page 31
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREVENTION......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 36
INTRODUCTION......Page 38
AGE AND LIFE STAGES......Page 41
SEX OR GENDER......Page 45
RACE OR ETHNICITY......Page 46
GEOGRAPHY OR PLACE......Page 48
PERSON, PLACE, AND TIME......Page 51
CONCLUSION......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 55
PART 2 THE MAJOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES......Page 58
INTRODUCTION......Page 60
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT—INVASIVE AND NONINVASIVE......Page 61
MANIFESTATIONS—ABOVE AND BELOW THE “CLINICAL HORIZON”......Page 62
MECHANISMS OF ATHEROGENESIS......Page 65
PERSON, PLACE, AND TIME......Page 66
ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN CHILDHOOD, YOUTH, AND EARLY ADULTHOOD......Page 68
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
INTRODUCTION......Page 78
BACKGROUND......Page 81
POPULATION STUDIES: DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHMS, AND CRITERIA......Page 82
RATES......Page 84
RISKS......Page 93
TRENDS AND EXPLANATIONS......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 102
APPENDIX 4-A KEY TO POPULATION ABBREVIATIONS USED BY THE WHO MONICA PROJECT......Page 106
INTRODUCTION......Page 108
BACKGROUND......Page 110
POPULATION STUDIES: DEFINITION, CLASSIFICATION, AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS......Page 111
RATES......Page 112
RISKS......Page 120
TRENDS......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 126
INTRODUCTION......Page 130
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE......Page 132
AORTIC ANEURYSM......Page 139
CHRONIC HEART FAILURE......Page 142
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM......Page 151
ARRHYTHMIAS......Page 154
REFERENCES......Page 155
PART 3 THE MAIN DETERMINANTS......Page 158
SUMMARY......Page 160
INTRODUCTION......Page 161
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES OF GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 163
FAMILY HISTORY......Page 165
GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION......Page 169
CARDIOVASCULAR APPLICATIONS OF GENOMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 171
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 174
REFERENCES......Page 175
INTRODUCTION......Page 178
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF DIETARY PATTERNS......Page 180
MEASUREMENT......Page 184
DETERMINANTS......Page 187
DISTRIBUTION......Page 189
CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED EFFECTS OF DIET......Page 191
PREVENTION AND CONTROL......Page 199
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
INTRODUCTION......Page 210
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 211
DETERMINANTS......Page 213
MECHANISMS......Page 215
DISTRIBUTION......Page 216
CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED EFFECTS......Page 223
PREVENTION AND CONTROL......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 236
SUMMARY......Page 242
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 243
DETERMINANTS......Page 248
MECHANISMS......Page 252
DISTRIBUTION......Page 255
RATES AND RISKS......Page 263
PREVENTION AND CONTROL......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 281
INTRODUCTION......Page 288
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 289
MEASUREMENT......Page 292
DETERMINANTS......Page 293
MECHANISMS......Page 294
DISTRIBUTION......Page 296
RELATION TO RATES AND RISKS......Page 302
RELATION TO OTHER FACTORS......Page 309
PREVENTION AND CONTROL......Page 311
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 323
SUMMARY......Page 330
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 331
MEASUREMENT......Page 335
DETERMINANTS......Page 336
MECHANISMS......Page 341
DISTRIBUTION......Page 342
RELATION TO RATES AND RISKS......Page 355
RELATION TO OTHER FACTORS......Page 358
PREVENTION AND CONTROL......Page 360
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 371
SUMMARY......Page 380
INTRODUCTION......Page 381
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 382
MEASUREMENT......Page 385
DETERMINANTS......Page 386
MECHANISMS......Page 387
DISTRIBUTION......Page 388
RATES AND RISKS......Page 394
PREVENTION AND CONTROL......Page 401
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 406
REFERENCES......Page 408
INTRODUCTION......Page 414
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 415
MEASUREMENT......Page 416
MECHANISMS......Page 417
DISTRIBUTION......Page 419
RELATION TO RATES AND RISKS......Page 423
PREVENTION AND CONTROL......Page 433
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 444
SUMMARY......Page 450
1 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION......Page 452
2 ADVERSE PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS......Page 466
3 HEMOSTATIC FACTORS......Page 483
4 EVOLVING AND EMERGING FACTORS......Page 495
REFERENCES......Page 510
INTRODUCTION......Page 522
SOCIAL STATUS......Page 524
CHANGES IN SOCIAL CONDITIONS......Page 531
PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION......Page 541
NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS......Page 543
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 546
REFERENCES......Page 547
PART 4 CAUSATION AND PREVENTION: THEORY, PRACTICE, AND FURTHER RESEARCH......Page 552
INTRODUCTION......Page 554
CAUSAL JUDGMENT......Page 555
CAUSAL CONSTRUCTS......Page 559
CAUSATION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC AND HYPERTENSIVE DISEASES......Page 562
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 566
REFERENCES......Page 567
INTRODUCTION......Page 570
CONCEPTS AND LANGUAGE OF PREVENTION......Page 571
STRATEGIES OF PREVENTION......Page 576
INTERVENTION APPROACHES......Page 579
A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE......Page 580
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 582
REFERENCES......Page 584
INTRODUCTION......Page 586
NATURE OF EVIDENCE......Page 588
EVIDENCE-BASED DECISION MAKING......Page 589
APPROACHES TO EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE......Page 592
REFERENCES......Page 606
SUMMARY......Page 610
INTRODUCTION......Page 611
CLINICAL GUIDELINES......Page 613
COMMUNITY GUIDELINES......Page 626
PUBLIC POLICIES......Page 628
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 632
REFERENCES......Page 633
INTRODUCTION......Page 638
EXPERIENCE WITH MULTIFACTOR PRIMARY PREVENTION......Page 640
THE BURDEN OF RISK......Page 655
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 659
MODELS FOR EXPLANATION AND PREDICTION......Page 661
VISIONS OF SUCCESS IN CVD AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION......Page 666
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 668
REFERENCES......Page 669
INTRODUCTION: CALLS TO ACTION......Page 676
OVERVIEW: GOALS, STRATEGIES, AND ACTION PLANS......Page 677
CASE STUDY: A PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION PLAN TO PREVENT HEART DISEASE AND STROKE......Page 684
OBSTACLES TO TAKING ACTION......Page 688
CURRENT ISSUES......Page 692
REFERENCES......Page 694
SUMMARY......Page 698
INTRODUCTION......Page 699
CONCEPTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 700
GOALS......Page 701
STRATEGIES OF INVESTIGATION......Page 702
PROPOSED RESEARCH AGENDAS......Page 704
CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS......Page 709
POPULOMICS: THE POPULATION CONTEXT OF RESEARCH ON HEALTH......Page 711
REFERENCES......Page 712
INDEX......Page 716