Environmental Science: A Global Concern

Cover
Environmental SCIENCE: A Global Concern
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Introduction: Learning to Learn
	Case Study: How Can I Do Well in Environmental Science?
	L.1: How Can I Get an A in This Class?
		What are good study habits?
		How can you use this textbook effectively?
		Will this be on the test?
	L.2: Thinking About Thinking
		How do you tell the news from the noise?
		Applying critical thinking
1: Understanding Our Environment
	Case Study: Sustainable Development Goals for Kibera
	1.1: What Is Environmental Science?
		Environmental science is about understanding where we live
		Major themes in environmental science
	What Do You Think?: Calculating Your Ecological Footprint
	1.2: Where Do Our Ideas About Our Environment Come From?
		Current ideas have followed industrialization
		Stage 1. Resource waste inspired pragmatic, utilitarian conservation
		Stage 2. Ethical and aesthetic concerns inspired the preservation movement
		Stage 3. Rising pollution levels led to the modern environmental movement
		Stage 4. Environmental quality is tied to social progress
	1.3: Sustainable Development
		Affluence is a goal and a liability
		Is sustainable development possible?
		The UN has identified 17 Sustainable Development Goals
		The Millennium Development Goals were largely successful
		Development depends on how wealthy countries allocate spending
	1.4: Core Concepts in Sustainable Development
		How do we describe resource use?
		Planetary boundaries define broad limits
		Indigenous peoples often protect biodiversity
	1.5: Environmental Ethics, Faith, and Justice
		We can extend moral value to people and things
		Many faiths promote conservation and justice
		Environmental justice integrates civil rights and environmental protection
	Data Analysis: Working with Graphs
2: Principles of Science and Systems
	Case Study: Snapshot Serengeti
	2.1: What Is Science?
		Science depends on skepticism and accuracy
		Deductive and inductive reasoning are both useful
		Testable hypotheses and theories are essential tools
		Understanding probability helps reduce uncertainty
	Exploring Science: Why Do Scientists Answer Questions with a Number?
		Statistics can indicate the probability that your results were random
		Experimental design can reduce bias
		Models are an important experimental strategy
	2.2: Systems Involve Interactions
		Systems can be described in terms of their characteristics
		Systems may exhibit stability
	2.3: Scientific Consensus and Conflict
		Detecting pseudoscience relies on independent, critical thinking
	Data Analysis
3: Matter, Energy, and Life
	Case Study: Death by Fertilizer: Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico
	3.1: Elements of Life
		Atoms, elements, and compounds
		Chemical bonds hold molecules together
		Unique properties of water
		Ions react and bond to form compounds
		Organic compounds have a carbon backbone
		Cells are the fundamental units of life
	Exploring Science: Gene Editing
	3.2: Energy for Life
		Energy varies in intensity
		Thermodynamics regulates energy transfers
		Ecosystems run on energy
		Photosynthesis captures energy; respiration releases that energy
	3.3: From Species to Ecosystems
		Ecosystems include living and nonliving parts
		Food webs link species of different trophic levels
		Ecological pyramids describe trophic levels
	3.4: Material Cycles
		The hydrologic cycle redistributes water
		Carbon cycles through earth, air, water, and life
		Nitrogen occurs in many forms
		Phosphorus follows a one-way path
	Data Analysis: Inspect the Chesapeake’s Report Card
4: Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions
	Case Study: Seagrass Meadows, the Planet’s Hidden Productivity Powerhouse
	4.1: Evolution Produces Species Diversity
		Evolution occurs through reproduction, variation, and natural selection
		All species live within limits
		An ecological niche is a species’ environment and its ecological role
		Resource partitioning can reduce competition
		Speciation, the process of creating new species, maintains natural diversity
		Evolutionary change is typically slow
		Taxonomy describes relationships among species
	4.2: Species Interactions And The Evolutionary Process
		Predator-prey dynamics assert selective pressure
		Competition occurs between and within species
		Symbiosis involves long-term interaction between species
	Exploring Science: Say Hello to Your 90 Trillion Little Friends
		Keystone species have disproportionate influence
	4.3: Community Properties Affect Species, Populations, and Productivity
		Community dynamics involves diversity, abundance, and distribution of species
		Complexity and connectedness are important ecological indicators
		Biological communities vary in productivity
	What Can You Do?: Working Locally for Ecological Diversity
	4.4: System Change and Resilience
		Ecological succession involves changes in community composition
		Biological communities may be adapted to disturbance
		The adaptive cycle explains a system’s response to disturbance
		Systems can shift abruptly
		Resilience is the ability of a system to absorb disturbance and maintain its historic identity
	Data Analysis: SeagrassSpotter
5: Biomes: Global Patterns of Life
	Case Study: Shifting Biomes, Shifting Ways of Life?
	5.1: Terrestrial Biomes
		Tropical moist forests have rain year-round
	Exploring Science: How Do We Describe Climate Regions?
		Tropical seasonal forests have yearly dry seasons
		Tropical savannas and grasslands support few trees
		Deserts can be hot or cold, but all are dry
		Temperate grasslands have rich soils
		Temperate shrublands have summer drought
		Temperate forests can be evergreen or deciduous
		Boreal forests occur at high latitudes
		Tundra can freeze in any month
	5.2: Marine Ecosystems
		Depth controls light penetration and temperature
		Coastal zones support rich, diverse communities
	5.3: Freshwater Ecosystems
		Temperature and light vary with depth in lakes
		Wetlands are shallow and productive
	5.4: Human Disturbance
		Agriculture is responsible for most land conversion
		Small systems are most at risk
	Data Analysis: Reading Climate Graphs
6: Population Biology
	Case Study: Flying Fish
	6.1: Dynamics of Population Growth
		We can describe growth symbolically
		Exponential growth involves continuous change
		Doubling times and the rule of 70
		Exponential growth leads to crashes
		Logistic growth slows with population increase
		These values help predict sustainable yield
		Species respond to limits differently: r- and K-selected species
	What Do You Think?: Too Many Deer?
	6.2: Factors That Regulate Population Growth
		Survivorship curves show life histories
		Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect births and deaths
		Interspecific interactions are between species; intraspecific interactions are within a species
		Stress and crowding can affect reproduction
		Density-dependent effects can be dramatic
	Exploring Science: How Do You Measure Populations?
	6.3: Population Size and Conservation
		Small, isolated populations are vulnerable
		Genetic diversity may help a population survive
		Population viability can depend on population size
	Data Analysis: Experimenting with Population Growth
7: Human Populations
	Case Study: China Is Aging
	7.2: Perspectives on Population
		How many of us are there?
		Human populations grew slowly until relatively recently
		Do large families cause poverty, or does poverty cause large families?
		Different theories imply different solutions
		Technology can change carrying capacity
		Environmental Impact (I) = PAT
		Population growth can power innovation
	7.2: Ways We Describe Growth
		We describe growth rates in several ways
		Fertility rate is the number of children per woman
		Fertility rates are falling globally
	7.3: What Factors Affect Population Growth?
		Development promotes a demographic transition
		Long life expectancy increases populations
		Age distributions determine future growth
		Pronatalist factors encourage fertility
		Girls’ education and child health affect fertility rates
		Major events influence birth rates
		Family planning gives us choices
		Could we have a birth dearth?
	What Do You Think?: China’s One-Child Policy
	7.4: What Is the Future of Growth?
		Development is seen as the main path to slower growth
		Migration is a growing concern
		The demographic trap and lifeboat ethics describe challenges of poverty
		Social justice is an important consideration
		Our choices now determine our future
	Data Analysis: Population Change over Time
8: Environmental Health and Toxicology
	Case Study: PFCs: Miracle or Menace?
	8.1: Environmental Health
		The global disease burden is changing
		Infectious and emergent diseases still kill millions of people
		Conservation medicine combines ecology and health care
		Resistance to antibiotics and pesticides is increasing
		What would better health cost?
	8.2: Toxicology
		How do toxic substances affect us?
	What Can You Do?: Tips for Staying Healthy
		How does diet influence health?
	8.3: The Movement, Distribution, and Fate of Toxic Substances
		Compounds dissolve either in water or in fat
		Bioaccumulation and biomagnification increase concentrations of chemicals
		Persistence makes some materials a greater threat
		POPs are an especially serious problem
		Synergistic interactions can increase toxicity
		Our bodies degrade and excrete toxic substances
	8.4: Toxicity and Risk Assessment
		We usually test toxic effects on lab animals
		There can be a wide range of toxicity
		Acute and chronic doses and effects differ
		Detectable levels aren’t always dangerous
	What Do You Think?: What’s Acceptable Risk?
		Some symptoms can be erroneous
		Risk perception isn’t always rational
		Risk acceptance depends on many factors
	8.5: Establishing Health Policy
	Data Analysis: How Do We Evaluate Risk and Fear?
9: Food and Hunger
	Case Study: Food Security in the Sahel
	9.1: World Food and Nutrition
		Millions of people are still chronically hungry
		Famines usually have political and social causes
		Overeating is a growing world problem
		We need the right kinds of food
		Global factors can cause price spikes
	9.2: Key Food Sources
		Rising meat production has costs and benefits
	What Do You Think?: Diet for a Small Planet?
		Seafood is our only commercial wild-caught protein source
		Most commercial fishing operates on an industrial scale
		Aquaculture produces over half our seafood
		Antibiotics are overused in intensive production
		Food systems are vulnerable to climate change
	9.3: The Green Revolution and Genetic Engineering
		Green revolution crops are high responders
		Genetic engineering moves DNA among species
		Most GMOs have been engineered for pest resistance or herbicide tolerance
		Safety of GMOs is widely debated
	9.4: Food Production Policies
		Is genetic engineering about food production?
		Farm policies can also protect the land
	Data Analysis: Exploring Global Food Data
10: Farming: Conventional and Sustainable Practices
	Case Study: Farming the Cerrado
	10.1: What Is Soil?
		Soils are complex ecosystems
		Healthy soil fauna can determine soil fertility
		Your food comes mostly from the A horizon
	10.2: How Do We Use, Abuse, and Conserve Soils?
		Arable land is unevenly distributed
		Soil losses threaten farm productivity
		Wind and water cause widespread erosion
		Desertification affects arid-land soils
		Irrigation is needed but can be inefficient
		Plants need nutrients, but not too much
		Conventional farming uses abundant fossil fuels
		Contours and ground cover reduce runoff
		Erosion control measures protect, or even build, soils
	Exploring Science: Ancient Terra Preta Shows How to Build Soils
		Carbon farming could be a key climate action
	10.3: Pests and Pesticides
		Modern pesticides provide benefits but also create health risks
		Organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons are dominant pesticides
	What Do You Think?: Shade-Grown Coffee and Cocoa
		Pesticides have profound environmental effects
		POPs accumulate in remote places
		Pesticides often impair human health
	10.4: Organic and Sustainable Agriculture
		Can sustainable practices feed the world’s growing population?
		What does “organic” mean?
		Strategic management can reduce pests
	What Can You Do?: Controlling Pests
		Useful organisms can help us control pests
		IPM uses a combination of techniques
		Low-input agriculture aids farmers and their land
		Consumers’ choices play an important role
	What Do You Think?: Organic Farming in the City
	Data Analysis: Graphing Changes in Pesticide Use
11: Biodiversity: Preserving Species
	Case Study: How Wolves Can Change Rivers
	11.1: Biodiversity and the Species Concept
		What is biodiversity?
		Species are defined in different ways
		Molecular techniques are rewriting taxonomy
		How many species are there?
		Hot spots have exceptionally high biodiversity
		We benefit from biodiversity in many ways
		Biodiversity provides ecological services and aesthetic and cultural benefits
	11.2: What Threatens Biodiversity?
		Mass extinctions appear in the fossil record
		Are we entering a sixth extinction?
		Habitat destruction is the principal HIPPO factor
		Invasive species displace resident species
		Pollution and population are direct human impacts
		Climate change transforms ecosystems
		Overharvesting results when there is a market for wild species
	Exploring Science: Where Are All the Insects?
	What Can You Do?: Don’t Buy Endangered Species Products
		Overharvesting is often illegal and involves endangered species
		Island ecosystems are especially vulnerable to invasive species
	11.3: Endangered Species Management
		Hunting and fishing laws have been effective
		The Endangered Species Act is a powerful tool for biodiversity protection
		Recovery plans rebuild populations of endangered species
		Private land is vital for species protection
		Endangered species protection is controversial
	What Can You Do?: You Can Help Preserve Biodiversity
		Gap analysis promotes regional planning
		International treaties improve protection
	11.4: Captive Breeding and Species Survival Plans
		Zoos can help preserve wildlife
		We need to save rare species in the wild
	Data Analysis: Confidence Limits in the Breeding Bird Survey
12: Biodiversity: Preserving Landscapes
	Case Study: Ecosystems in Transition
	12.1: World Forests
		Boreal and tropical forests are most abundant
		Forests provide valuable products
		Tropical forests are especially threatened
		Local and global demand drive deforestation
		Indigenous groups often lead forest protection efforts
	Exploring Science: Palm Oil and Endangered Species
		Debt-for-nature swaps and REDD use finance for protection
		Logging threatens temperate forests
		Global warming and fire are growing threats
		Ecosystem management seeks resilience
	What Can You Do?: Lowering Your Forest Impacts
	12.2: Grasslands
		Grazing can be sustainable or damaging
		Overgrazing threatens U.S. rangelands
		Ranchers are experimenting with new methods
		Rotational grazing can mimic natural regimes
	12.3: Parks and Preserves
		Levels of protection vary in preserves
		“Paper parks” are not really protected
		Marine ecosystems need greater protection
		Conservation and economic development can work together
		Many preserves support traditional resource uses
	What Do You Think?: Monuments Under Attack
	What Can You Do?: Being a Responsible Ecotourist
		Species survival can depend on preserve size
	Data Analysis: Detecting Edge Effects
13: Restoration Ecology
	Case Study: Restoring Coral Reefs
	13.1: Helping Nature Heal
		Restoration projects range from modest to ambitious
		Restore to what?
		All restoration projects involve some common components
		Origins of restoration
		Sometimes we can simply let nature heal itself
		Native species often need help to become reestablished
	13.2: Restoration Is Good for Human Economies and Cultures
		Tree planting can improve our quality of life
	What Can You Do?: Ecological Restoration in Your Own Neighborhood
		Fire is often an important restoration tool
	13.3: Restoring Prairies
		Fire is also crucial for prairie restoration
		Huge areas of shortgrass prairie are being preserved
	Exploring Science: The Monarch Highway
		Bison help maintain prairies
	13.4: Restoring Wetlands and Streams
		Restoring river flow helps wetlands heal
		Replumbing the Everglades is one of the costliest restoration efforts ever
		Wetland mitigation is challenging
		Wetland and stream restoration provide multiple benefits
		Severely degraded or polluted sites can be repaired or reconstructed
	Data Analysis: Concept Maps
14: Geology and Earth Resources
	Case Study: Salmon or Copper?
	14.1: Earth Processes and Minerals
		Earth is a dynamic planet
		Tectonic processes move continents
		Rocks are composed of minerals
		Rocks and minerals are recycled constantly
		Weathering breaks down rocks
	14.2: Earth Resources
		Metals are especially valuable resources
		Fossil fuels originated as peat and plankton
	Exploring Science: Rare Earth Minerals
		Conserving resources saves energy and materials
		Resource substitution reduces demand
	14.3: Environmental Effects of Resource Extraction
		Different mining techniques pose different risks to water and air
		Ore processing emits acids and metals
		High-value minerals can support corruption
	What Do You Think?: Should We Revise Mining Laws?
	14.4: Geological Hazards
		Earthquakes usually occur on plate margins
		Human-induced earthquakes are becoming more common
		Tsunamis can be more damaging than the earthquakes that trigger them
		Volcanoes eject gas and ash, as well as lava
		Landslides and mass wasting can bury villages
		Floods are the greatest geological hazard
		Beaches erode easily, especially in storms
	Data Analysis: Mapping Geological Hazards
15: Climate Systems and Climate Change
	Case Study: Climate Action in California: No Longer Just Talking About the Weather
	15.1: What Is the Atmosphere?
		The land surface absorbs solar energy to warm our world
		Greenhouse gases capture energy selectively
		Atmospheric circulation redistrbutes energy
	15.2: Regional Patterns of Weather
		The Coriolis effect explains why winds seem to curve on a weather map
		Jet streams deflect weather systems
		Ocean currents redistribute heat
		Seasonal rain supports billions of people
		Frontal systems occur where warm and cold air meet
		Cyclonic storms can cause extensive damage
	15.3: Natural Climate Variability
		Ice cores tell us about climate history
		El Niño is an ocean–atmosphere cycle
	15.4: Anthropogenic Climate Change
		The IPCC assesses climate data for policymakers
		Major greenhouse gases include CO2, CH4, and N2O
	Exploring Science: Black Carbon
		Melting ice accelerates change
		How do we know that recent change is caused by humans?
	15.5: What Effects Are We Seeing?
		Warming affects crops, health, and ecosystems
		Climate change costs far more than prevention
		Rising sea levels will flood many cities
		Why do we still debate climate evidence?
	15.6: Climate Action
	What Do You Think?: Unburnable Carbon
		The Paris Climate Agreement establishes new goals
		Drawdown strategies abound
		Carbon capture is needed
		Economic solutions make progress possible
	What Can You Do?: Climate Action
		Wind, water, and solar could meet all our needs
	Data Analysis: The U.S. National Climate Assessment
16: Air Pollution
	Case Study: Beijing Looks for Answers to Air Pollution
	16.1: Major Pollutants in Our Air
		The Clean Air Act designates standard limits
		Conventional pollutants are most abundant
		Mercury, from coal, is particularly dangerous
	What Do You Think?: Politics, Public Health, and the Minamata Convention
		Carbon dioxide, methane, and halogens are key greenhouse gases
		Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) can cause cancer and nerve damage
		Indoor air can be worse than outdoor air
	16.2: Atmospheric Processes
		Temperature inversions trap pollutants
		Wind currents carry pollutants worldwide
	Exploring Science: The Great London Smog and Pollution Monitoring
		Chlorine destroys ozone in the stratosphere
		The Montreal Protocol was a resounding success
	16.3: Effects of Air Pollution
		How does pollution make us sick?
		Sulfur and nitrogen emissions produce acid rain
		Acid deposition damages ecosystems and infrastructure
	16.4: Pollution Control
		Pollutants can be captured after combustion
	What Can You Do?: Reducing Pollution and Saving Energy
		Clean air legislation is controversial but effective
		Clean air protections help the economy and public health
		In developing areas, rapid growth can outpace pollution controls
		Air quality improves where controls are implemented
	Data Analysis: How Is the Air Quality in Your Town?
17: Water Use and Management
	Case Study: When Will Lake Mead Go Dry?
	17.1: Water Resources
		The hydrologic cycle constantly redistributes water
		Water supplies are unevenly distributed
		Oceans hold 97 percent of all water on earth
		Glaciers, ice, and snow contain most surface fresh water
		Groundwater stores large resources
		Rivers, lakes, and wetlands cycle quickly
	17.2: Water Availability and Use
		Many countries suffer water scarcity or water stress
		The West has always had droughts
		Water use is increasing
		Agriculture dominates water use
		Industry and households withdraw less but often contaminate water
	17.3: Freshwater Shortages
		Groundwater is an essential but declining resource
		Groundwater overdrafts have long-term impacts
		Diversion projects redistribute water
	Exploring Science: Measuring Invisible Water
		Dams have diverse environmental and social impacts
		Dams have a limited lifespan
		Climate change threatens water supplies
		Water is a growing cause of conflict
	17.4: Water Conservation
		Desalination is expensive but needed
	Exploring Science: How Does Desalination Work?
		Domestic conservation has important impacts
	What Can You Do?: Saving Water and Preventing Pollution
		Recycling can reduce consumption
		Prices and policies have often discouraged conservation
	Data Analysis: Graphing Global Water Stress and Scarcity
18: Water Pollution
	Case Study: India’s Holy River
	18.1: Water Pollution
		Water pollution is anything that degrades water quality
		Infectious agents, or pathogens, cause diseases
		Low oxygen levels indicate nutrient contamination
		Nutrient enrichment leads to cultural eutrophication
		Eutrophication can cause toxic tides and “dead zones”
		Heavy metals cause nerve damage
		Acidic runoff can destroy aquatic ecosystems
		Organic pollutants include drugs, pesticides, and industrial products
		Oil spills are common and often intentional
		Sediment also degrades water quality
		Thermal pollution threatens sensitive organisms
	18.2: Water Quality Today
		The Clean Water Act protects our water
		Nonpoint sources are difficult to control
		Water pollution is especially serious in developing countries
		Water treatment improves safety
		Is bottled water safer?
		Groundwater is hard to monitor and clean
		There are few controls on ocean pollution
	18.3: Water Pollution Control
		Controlling nonpoint sources requires land management
		Combined sewer overflows pollute surface waters
		Human waste disposal occurs naturally when concentrations are low
		Septic systems work in low densities
		Municipal treatment plants remove pathogens
		Low-cost systems use natural processes
	Exploring Science: Inexpensive Water Purification
		Water remediation may involve containment, extraction, or phytoremediation
		“Living machines” use plants to capture contaminants
	What Can You Do?: Steps You Can Take to Improve Water Quality
	18.4: Water Legislation
		The Clean Water Act was ambitious, bipartisan, and largely successful
		Clean water reauthorization remains contentious
		A variety of rules protect water quality
	Data Analysis: Examining Pollution Sources
19: Conventional Energy
	Case Study: The End of Coal?
	19.1: Energy Resources and Uses
		The future of energy is not the past
		How do we describe energy?
		Fossil fuels still supply most of the world’s energy
		How much energy do we use?
	19.2: Coal
		Coal resources are greater than we can use
		Coal use is declining in the United States and Europe
		Is clean coal technology an option?
	19.3: Oil
		Extreme oil has extended our supplies
		Oil is a boom and bust industry
	What Do You Think?: Water Protectors at Standing Rock
		Indigenous groups have challenged pipelines
		Refineries produce useful products and hazardous pollutants
	19.4: Natural Gas
		Most of the world’s currently known natural gas is in a few countries
		Getting gas to market is a challenge
	What Do You Think?: The Fracking Debate
		Methane hydrates occur in deep ocean sediment
	19.5: Nuclear Power
		How do nuclear reactors work?
		Reactor designs vary in safety
		Breeder reactors could extend the life of our nuclear fuel
		We lack safe storage for radioactive wastes
		Decommissioning nuclear plants is costly
		Opinions about nuclear futures vary
	Data Analysis: Comparing Energy Use and Standards of Living
20: Sustainable Energy
	Case Study: A Renewable Energy Transition
	20.1: Energy Efficiency
		Energy conservation is the first step
		Green buildings cut energy costs
		Transportation could be far more efficient
	Exploring Science: Greening Gotham: Can New York Reach Its 80 by 50 Goal?
		Transportation is electrifying
	What Can You Do?: Steps You Can Take to Save Energy
	20.2: Solar Energy
		Solar heat collectors can be passive or active
		Photovoltaic cells generate electricity directly
		Solar works at household or community scales
	20.3: Wind
		Capacity and efficiency are important questions in power production
		Wind could meet all our energy needs
		Wind is a source of rural income
		Energy production has environmental impacts
	20.4: Hydropower, Biomass, and Geothermal Energy
		Most hydroelectricity comes from large dams
		Tides and waves contain significant energy
		Biomass is an ancient and modern energy source
		Methane from biomass can be clean and efficient
		U.S. policy supports ethanol and biodiesel
		Could algae be an efficient energy source?
		High-temperature geothermal produces electricity
	20.5: What Does an Energy Transition Look Like?
		The grid will need improvement
		Storage options are changing rapidly
		Fuel cells release electricity from chemical bonds
		Heat pumps provide efficient, electric-powered cooling and heating
		Wind, water, and solar are good answers
	Data Analysis: Energy Calculations
21: Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste
	Case Study: Plastic Seas
	21.1: What Do We Do with Waste?
		The waste stream is everything we throw away
		Open dumps pollute air and water
		Ocean dumping is mostly uncontrolled
		Landfills receive most U.S. waste
		We often export waste to countries ill-equipped to handle it
		Incineration produces energy from trash
	What Do You Think?: Who Will Take Our Waste?
	21.2: Shrinking the Waste Stream
		Recycling has multiple benefits
		Plastic recycling rates are low
		Recycling has financial obstacles
		Compost and biogas are useful products
		Appliances and e-waste must be demanufactured
		Reuse is more efficient than recycling
		Reducing waste is the best option
	What Can You Do?: Reducing Waste
	21.3: Hazardous and Toxic Wastes
		Hazardous waste must be recycled, contained, or detoxified
		Federal legislation requires waste management
		Superfund sites are listed for federal cleanup
		Brownfields present both liability and opportunity
	What Can You Do?: Alternatives to Hazardous Household Chemicals
		Hazardous waste can be recycled or contained
		Substances can be converted to safer forms
		Permanent storage is often needed
	Exploring Science: Phytoremediation: Cleaning Up Toxic Waste with Plants
	Data Analysis: How Much Do You Know about Recycling?
22: Urbanization and Sustainable Cities
	Case Study: Cities Show the Way in Climate Policy
	22.1: Urbanization
		Cities have specialized functions
		Large cities are expanding rapidly
		Developing areas have urbanized rapidly
		Push and pull factors motivate people to move to cities
	22.2: Urban Challenges in the Developing World
		Pollution and water shortages affect developing cities
	Exploring Science: Sinking Cities Amid Rising Seas
		Many cities lack adequate housing
	22.3: Urban Challenges in the Developed World
		Urban sprawl consumes land and resources
		Transportation is crucial in city development
		Public transit can make cities more livable
	22.4: Sustainable Urbanism and Smart Growth
		Garden cities and new towns were early examples of smart growth
		Mixed uses make cities more livable
		Open-space design preserves landscapes
	What Do You Think?: Vauban: A Car-Free Neighborhood
	Data Analysis: Plotting Urban and Economic Indicators
23: Ecological Economics
	Case Study: Using Economics to Fight Climate Change
	23.1: Perspectives on the Economy
		Can development be sustainable?
		Resources can be renewable or nonrenewable
		Classical economics examines supply and demand
		Neoclassical economics emphasizes growth
	23.2: Ecological Economics
		Ecological economics accounts for the value of ecosystems
		Ecosystem services include provisioning, regulating, and aesthetic values
	Exploring Science: What’s the Value of Nature?
	23.3: Population, Scarcity, and Technology
		Are we about to run out of fossil fuels?
		Common property resources are a classic problem in ecological economics
		Scarcity can lead to innovation
		Carrying capacity is not necessarily fixed
		Economic models compare growth scenarios
	23.4: Measuring Growth
		GNP is our dominant growth measure
		Alternate measures account for well-being
		Cost–benefit analysis aims to optimize benefits
	23.5: Can Markets Reduce Pollution?
		Sulfur trading offers a good model
		Emissions trading rewards efficiency
	Exploring Science: Green Jobs Versus Fossil Fuels
		Are carbon taxes a better answer?
	23.6: Green Development and Business
		International trade brings benefits but also intensifies inequities
		Microlending helps the poorest of the poor
		Green business involves efficiency and creative solutions
		New business models adopt concepts of ecology
		Efficiency starts with product design
		Green consumerism gives the public a voice
	What Can You Do?: Personally Responsible Economy
		Environmental protection creates jobs
	What Do You Think?: Could We Have a Green New Deal?
	Data Analysis: Evaluating the Limits to Growth
24: Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning
	Case Study: Turtles Return to Archie Carr
	24.1: Basic Concepts in Policy
		Basic principles guide environmental policy
		Money influences policy
		Public awareness and action shape policy
	24.2: Major Environmental Laws
		NEPA (1969) establishes public oversight
		The Clean Air Act (1970) regulates air emissions
		The Clean Water Act (1972) protects surface water
		The Endangered Species Act (1973) protects both plants and animals
		The Superfund Act (1980) lists hazardous sites
	24.3: How Are Policies Made?
		Congress and legislatures vote on statutory laws
		Legislative riders sidestep public debate
		Lobbying influences government
		Judges decide case law
		Landmark cases have vast impacts
		Law suits require legal standing
		Criminal law prosecutes lawbreakers
		Executive agencies make rules and enforce laws
		Regulatory agencies oversee policies
		Regulatory capture undermines agency work
		How much government do we want?
	24.4: International Conventions
		Major international agreements
		Enforcement often depends on national pride
	24.5: New Approaches to Policy
		Community-based planning uses local knowledge
		Green plans outline goals for sustainability
	Data Analysis: Examine Your Environmental Laws
25: What Then Shall We Do?
	Case Study: The Dawn of a New Era
	25.1: Making a Difference
		Environmental literacy has lasting importance
	Exploring Science: Doing Citizen Science with eBird
		Citizen science lets everyone participate
		Environmental careers range from engineering to education
		Green business and technology are growing fast
	25.2: What Can Individuals Do?
		All choices are environmental choices
	What Can You Do?: Reducing Your Impact
		Green consumerism encourages corporations to have an environmental conscience
		You are a citizen, as well as a consumer
		You can learn leadership
		You can own this class
	25.3: How Can We Work Together?
		National organizations influence policy
		New players bring energy to policy making
		International NGOs mobilize many people
	25.4: Campus Greening
		Schools provide environmental leadership
	What Do You Think?: Fossil Fuel Divestment
		A green campus is an educational opportunity
	25.5: Sustainability Is a Global Challenge
		Sustainable development means social, environmental, and economic goals
	Data Analysis: Campus Environmental Audit
Glossary
Index