Environmental Resilience and Transformation in Times of COVID-19: Climate Change Effects on Environmental Functionality

Front cover
	Half title
	Full title
	Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
- Acknowledgements
PART I - Environmental modifications, degradation and human health risks
Chapter1 - COVID-19: a wake-up call to protect planetary health
	1.1 Emerging infectious disease, COVID-19, and planetary health
	1.2 Lockdown as a temporary respite for the environment
	1.3 Pandemic reclaiming the plastic usage: demand, production, and usage
	1.4 Waste management: the intensifying crisis
	1.5 Ocean pollution and landfills
	1.6 Exacerbated inequalities and vulnerabilities
	1.7 Recommendations
	1.8 COVID-19 calls for reflection—conclusion
	References
Chapter2 - Zoonotic disease in the face of rapidly changing human–nature interactions in the Anthropocene
	2.1 Introduction: why zoonotic diseases can be a concern in the Anthropocene
	2.2 Resilience and its change due to biodiversity loss and diseases
	2.3 The case of zoonotic diseases
		2.3.1 Influenza
		2.3.2 HIV
		2.3.3 Ebola
		2.3.4 Avian influenza
		2.3.5 Hantavirus
		2.3.6 COVID-19
	2.4 Possible measures to fight next pandemics with concept of resilience
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter3 - Impact of Covid-19 lockdown on the socioenvironmental scenario of Indian Sundarban
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Impact on air and water quality
	3.3 Natural regeneration of biodiversity
	3.4 Migration of labor from other States
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter4 - Changes in nighttime lights during COVID-19 lockdown over Delhi, India
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Study area and data used
	4.3 Methodology
	4.4 Results and discussion
		4.4.1 Exploration of individual dataset
			4.4.1.1 COVID-19 dataset
			4.4.1.2 Mobility dataset
			4.4.1.3 NTL Dataset
			4.4.1.4 EPC Dataset
		4.4.2 Comparison of correlation between NTL and EPC with previous year
		4.4.3 Results of correlating the multi-domain datasets during COVID-19 lockdown
		4.4.4 Results for regression-based approach for prediction of EPC
	4.5 Conclusions and recommendations
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter5 - Socio-environmental factors affecting mental health of people during Covid-19 in coastal urban areas of Bangladesh
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Method
		5.2.1 Participants and data collection procedures
		5.2.2 Measures
			5.2.2.1 Personal attributes and socioeconomic status
			5.2.2.2 Socioenvironmental factors
			5.2.2.3 Health status and care-seeking behavior
			5.2.2.4 Composite COVID-19 stress index
			5.2.2.5 Coronavirus anxiety scale
		5.2.4 Analytical tools
	5.3 Results
		5.3.1 Socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents
		5.3.2 Exploratory factor analysis
		5.3.3 Socioenvironmental factors affecting COVID-19
	5.4 Conclusion
	Appendix 1
	References
Chapter6 - Mitigating transboundary risks by integrating risk reduction frameworks of health and DRR:A perspective from  ...
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Impacts of transboundary disasters
		6.2.1 Impacts of health-related transboundary disasters
		6.2.2 The impacts of nonhealth transboundary disasters
	6.3 Existing risk reduction frameworks and their gaps/challenges
	6.4 A comparison of responses to COVID-19 by India and Japan
	6.5 Measures for strengthening risk reduction frameworks
		6.5.1 Identify and recognize the shared risks
		6.5.2 Analyze the shared risks that considers hidden vulnerabilities
		6.5.3 Share the risk information
		6.5.4 Develop globally coordinated solutions
	6.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
PART II - Water resources: Planning, management and governance
Chapter7 - An overview of Kuwait’s water resources and a proposed plan to prevent the spread of the Novel Corona Virus (C ...
	7.1 Prelude
	7.2 Introduction
	7.3 Sources of water
	7.4 Current status of water availability and consumption
		7.4.1 Desalinated water
		7.4.2 Groundwater
		7.4.3 Renovated wastewater
	7.5 Possible spread of the Novel Corona Virus through water facilities
	7.6 Monitoring of water quality and collection of water samples
	7.7 Preservation, analysis, and treatment of water samples
	7.8 Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter8 - Survival of SARS-COV-2 in untreated and treated wastewater—a review
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 SARS-COV-2 in treated and untreated wastewater
	8.3 Transmission through wastewater
	8.4 Impact
	8.5 Future research needs to be carried out
	Acknowledgment
	Conflict of interest
	References
Chapter9 - Wastewater discharge and surface water contamination pre- and post- COVID 19—global case studies
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Presence in aquatic environment
		9.2.1 Comparison to other viruses (enveloped/nonenveloped) detected in water
	9.3 Persistence and removal
	9.4 Wastewater-based epidemiology
	9.5 Case studies
	9.6 Environmental implications and policies
	9.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter10 - Addressing associated risks of COVID-19 infections across water and wastewater service chain in Asia
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 SARS-CoV-2 in feces and wastewater
		10.2.1 SARS-CoV-2 in feces
		10.2.2 SARS-CoV-2 in raw and treated wastewater
	10.3 Addressing potential risks associated with water and wastewater services
		10.3.1 Risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 contaminated wastewater from hospitals and quarantine buildings/spots
		10.3.2 Risks associated with the discharges and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated domestic wastewater from urban and ru ...
		10.3.3 Risks associated with the direct contact with of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated sewage overflows during flooding events
		10.3.4 Risks associated with treatment facilities for water supply using raw water sources contaminated with SARS-CoV-2
	10.4 Regular virus surveillance in wastewater for COVID-19
	10.5 Conclusions and recommendations
	References
Chapter11 - Governance of wastewater surveillance systems to minimize the impact of COVID-19 and future epidemics:Cases  ...
	11.1 State of COVID-19 in selected countries
	11.2 Wastewater surveillance of COVID-19
	11.3 Wastewater management in selected countries
	11.4 Stakeholders for wastewater monitoring
	11.5 Legislation and frameworks
	11.6 Challenges and opportunities
	11.7 Recommendations
	Acknowledgments
	References
		Laws and regulations
Chapter12 - Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on real-time DO–BOD variation of river Ganga
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Impact of lockdown on main stem of river Ganga
		12.2.1 Dissolved oxygen
		12.2.2 Biochemical oxygen demand
	12.3 Impact of lockdown on river Ganga tributaries
		12.3.1 Dissolved oxygen
		12.3.2 Biochemical oxygen demand
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter13 - Covid-19 and opportunity for integrated management of water–energy–food resources for urban consumption
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Covid-19 and its impact on urban WEF resources
	13.2 Methodology
		13.2.1 Study area
		13.2.2 Data collection and analysis
	13.3 Result and discussion
		13.3.1 Water consumption pattern
		13.3.2 Energy consumption pattern
		13.3.3 Food consumption pattern
	13.4 Integrated mitigation measures
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter14 - COVID-19 lockdown impacts on biochemical and microbiological parameters in southern Indian coast
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Major coastal activities influenced by COVID-19 pandemic
		14.2.1 Tourism activities
		14.2.2 Fisheries communities
		14.2.3 Negative consequences
	14.3 COVID-19 lockdown impacts of biochemical and microbiological parameters on South Indian coasts
	14.4 Effects of gas emissions with coastal water quality
	14.5 Refusing on phytoplankton biomass and NO2 emissions
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
PART III - Air and water quality: Monitoring, fate, transport, and drivers of socio-environmental change
Chapter15 - Air quality index and criteria pollutants in ambient atmosphere over selected sites:Impact and lesso ...
	15.1 Introduction
		15.1.1 Air pollution
		15.1.2 Air quality index
	15.2 Data source and data collection point
		15.2.1 Study area
	15.3 Results
		15.3.1 Air quality before lockdown
		15.3.2 Air quality during lockdown and unlock period
		15.3.3 Air quality index
	15.4 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter16 - Study of the aerosol parameters and radiative forcing during COVID-19 pandemic over Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Site description and meteorology
	16.3 Result and discussions
		16.3.1 Variability of aerosol parameters
		16.3.2 Aerosol radiative forcing
		16.3.3 Source appointment and transportation of aerosols
	16.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter17 - A safe and effective sample collection method for assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol samples
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Novel aerosol sampling method
	17.3. Trizol versus phosphate buffer solution as collection medium
	17.4 Next generation-based applications
	17.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter18 - Meteorological parameters and COVID-19 spread-Russia a case study
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Study area
	18.3 Methodology
	18.4 Results and discussion
		18.4.1 Statistical analysis
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter19 - Short-Term resilience and transformation of urban socioenvironmental systems to COVID-19 lockdowns in Indi ...
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Area of study and its components
		19.2.1 Climate and ecosystem services
		19.2.2 Transportation and Health care facilities
		19.2.3 Industrial, commercial, residential and urbanization and tourism growth
	19.3 Conceptualization of NAMUSS resilience to COVID-19
		19.3.1 Risks, threats, and vulnerabilities due to pandemic in NAMUSS
		19.3.2 Critical functionalities and consequences
	19.4 Methodology
		19.4.1 Data sources
			19.4.1.1 Air quality
			19.4.1.2 Computations of air quality indices
			19.4.1.3 Mapping and aggregates
		19.4.2 Implementation of the resilience matrix approach
			19.4.2.1 Choosing the Indicators for the Resilience Matrix
			19.4.2.2 Generation of scores for the performance assessment
	19.5 Results and discussion
		19.5.1 Conceptualization of short-term resilience in urban socioenvironmental systems
		19.5.2 Selection of indices and scores for system performance
	19.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter20 - Covid-19 Pandemic-changes in the context of global environment and lessons learned
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 The pros and cons of Covid-19 worldwide
		20.2.1 Covid-19 v/s climate change
		20.2.2 Covid-19 v/s Environment
			20.2.2.1 Nitrogen dioxides
			20.2.2.2 Particulate matter
			20.2.2.3 Sulphur dioxides
			20.2.2.4 Other pollutants (e.g. O3, NO, CO)
		20.2.3 Covid-19 v/s metrological parameters
		20.2.4 Covid-19 v/s economy downturn
		20.2.5 Covid-19 v/s population
		20.2.6 Covid-19 v/s waste management
	20.3 Lessons learned from the current crisis
		20.3.1 Observe from the present and learn for the future
		20.3.2 Contribute more to sustain the nature
		20.3.3 Explore in this particular field
	20.4 Conclusions
	References
PART IV - Marine and lacustrine environment
Chapter21 - Coral reefs: globally predicted climate change impact mitigation, mediated by the marine flora and their ecos ...
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Mangroves: A refuge for coral reefs in times of climate change
	21.3 Seagrasses in enhancing reef resilience potential
	21.4 Reefs–seaweeds interactions in the troubled ocean
	21.5 Ecosystem connectivity between mangroves, seagrasses and coral reefs
	21.6 Coastal and marine faunal resources of the Neil Island (the Andamans) - A case study
		21.6.1 Porifera
		21.6.2 Soft corals
		21.6.3 Sea anemones
		21.6.4 Mollusca
		21.6.5 Echinodermata
	21.7 Fishes
	21.8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter22 - Temporal variability (1966–2020) of the fish assemblage and hydrometeorology of the Tampamachoco Lagoon, Vera ...
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Study area
	22.3 Methods
		22.3.1 Dataset of climate variability
			22.3.1.1 Time series analysis
		22.3.2 Biotic variables
			22.3.2.1 Mangrove cover
			22.3.2.2 Historical data of fish community
			22.3.2.3 Fisheries catches
		22.3.3 Statistical methods
			22.3.3.1 Multivariate statistics for hydrometeorological variables and fish communities
			22.3.3.2 Multivariate statistics for fish production and hydrometeorological variables
			22.3.3.3 Survey on the socioeconomic impact on the fishing sector during the early stages of COVID-19
	22.4 Results
		22.4.1 Temperature time series analysis
		22.4.2 Mangrove cover
		22.4.3 Relationship of hydro-meteorological variables and years of study
		22.4.4 Relationship of hydro-meteorological and ecological-biogeographic variables of the fish assemblages in the study pe ...
		22.4.5 Fishery catch and climatic events
		22.4.6 Survey on the socioeconomic impact of the local fishers in the Tampamachoco Lagoon in the early stages of COVID-19
	22.5 Discussion
	22.6 The COVID-19 pandemic scenario
	22.7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter23 - Socio-economic and environmental impacts of COVID-19 pandemic: Building resilience of the seven lakes of S ...
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 COVID-19 cases in the Philippines
	23.3 COVID-19 cases in San Pablo city
	23.4 Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the environment
		23.4.1 Climate change
			23.4.1.1 Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on climate change
		23.4.2 Water quality
			23.4.2.1 Impacts of aquaculture and ecotourism towards water quality of the seven lakes
			23.4.2.2 Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the water quality of aquaculture and ecotourism
		23.4.3 Waste management
			23.4.3.1 Negative impacts of COVID-19 pandemic to solid waste pollution
			23.4.3.2 Positive impacts of COVID-19 pandemic to solid waste pollution
		23.4.4 Biodiversity
			23.4.4.1 Impacts of COVID-19 on fish biodiversity
		23.4.5 Aquaculture
			23.4.5.1 Impacts of COVID-19 on aquaculture
	23.5 Effects of the pandemic on society and economy
		23.5.1 Health and safety
			23.5.1.1 Protocols for COVID response
			23.5.1.2 IATF guidelines on lockdown implementations
		23.5.2 Economy
			23.5.2.1 Transportation
			23.5.2.2 Tourism
	23.6 Resilience
		23.6.1 Governance
			23.6.2 Health and wellbeing
				23.6.2.1 Mental wellbeing
				23.6.2.2 Physical wellbeing
				23.6.2.3 Social wellbeing
			23.6.3 Risk communication
	23.7 Summary and lessons learned
	Acknowledgement
	References
PART V - Sustainable development goals and environmental justice
Chapter24 - Impacts and implications of the COVID-19 crisis and its recovery for achieving sustainable development goals  ...
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Methodology of the SDG interlinkage analysis
	24.3 Impacts of COVID-19 on SDGs
		24.3.1 A literature review on the impacts of COVID-19
		24.3.2 Derived impacts of COVID-19 on SDGs from an interlinkage perspective
			24.3.2.1 Derived impacts of COVID-19 on SDGs in Bangladesh
			24.3.2.2 Derived impacts of COVID-19 on SDGs in the Republic of Korea
	24.4 Implications of COVID-19 measures for achieving the SDGs: A review from an SDG interlinkage perspective
		24.4.1 COVID-19 measures in selected Asian countries
			24.4.1.1 Bangladesh
			24.4.1.2 Republic of Korea
		24.4.2 An SDG interlinkage analysis of the implications of COVID-19 measures
			24.4.2.1 Implications of COVID-19 measures for SDGs in Bangladesh
			24.4.2.2 Implications of COVID-19 measures for SDGs in the Republic of Korea
	24.5 Discussion
		24.5.1 Effectiveness of COVID-19 measures in addressing the impacts on SDGs
		24.5.2 Implications for building long-term resilience and sustainability
		24.5.3 Understanding SDG interlinkages and limitations of SDG interlinkage analysis
	24.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter25 - The COVID-19 impacts on India’s low carbon infrastructure
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Impact on renewable energy infrastructure
		25.2.1 Renewable energy investment: COVID19 impacts
	25.3 Challenges to the deveopment of low carbon infrastructure and smart cities
		25.3.1 Impacts on infrastructure projects of smart cities
	25.4 Responses towards the impact on low carbon infrastructure
		25.4.1 Way forward: redesigning and economic recovery
			25.4.1.1 Promoting sustainable economic recovery plans
			25.4.1.2 Mainstreaming sustainability objective
			25.4.1.3 Promoting behavioural change
			25.4.1.4 Promoting risk-sharing
	25.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter26 - Green spaces resume their importancein cities after the COVID-19 pandemicA case of study from Mexico City
	26.1 Introduction
		26.1.1 Right to the city
		26.1.2 Measures for COVID-19 in Mexico City
	26.2 Cities as epicentres for the spread of the coronavirus
		26.2.1 Importance of green urban space availability
		26.2.2 Epidemiological studies
		26.2.3 Human health and green spaces
	26.3 Agenda 2030 and the sustainable development goals
		26.3.1 Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
		26.3.2 Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
	26.4 Mexico City: A case study
	26.5 Reflections
	26.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter27 - Climate change, adaptation and gender concernsApproaches and learnings from global and Indian experiences
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Gender differentiated impacts of climate change
	27.3 The state of gender representation in global climate agenda
	27.4 The global gender agenda
	27.5 Adding a gender perspective to climate actions
	27.6 Recognition of gender considerations in climate actions in India
	27.7 Approaches and learnings from India
	27.8 Results/outcomes
	27.9 Key learnings and conclusion
	References
Chapter28 - Urban housing in the metropolitan area of the Mexico City, in the context of climate change and the COVID 19  ...
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Climate change in the world, origins of its study
	28.3 Climate change in Mexico in the 21st century
	28.4 Mexico’s urban areas in the 21st Century
	28.5 COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico and the world
	28.6 The study of urban housing in Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic
	28.7 Characterization of the surveyed subjects living in the urban dwellings studied
	28.8 Characteristics of urban dwellings registered in the survey
	28.9 Problems in the urban areas of the metropolitan area of Mexico City during and post COVID-19 pandemic
	28.10 Recommendations for the sustainable and resilient design of the urban spaces studied
	28.11 Housing problems in urban areas of the metropolitan area of Mexico City studied
	28.12 Recommendations for urban dwellings in the metropolitan area of Mexico City studied
	28.13 Conclusions
	References
Chapter29 - COVID-19 as an opportunity to make field-based earth sciences and other similar courses easily accessible and ...
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Background
		29.2.1 Online and offline virtual field courses
		29.2.2 Making geosciences accessible to people with physical and other types of disabilities
	29.3 Materials and methods
		29.3.1 Testing of the virtual versus traditional fieldwork learning
	29.4 Results and interpretations
		29.4.1 Virtual versus traditional fieldwork
	29.5 Discussion
	29.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter30 - Livelihood and health vulnerabilities of forest resource-dependent communities amidst the COVID-19 pandemic i ...
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 COVID-19 pandemic situation and its impacts on forest resource-dependent communities
	30.3 The Sundarbans forest of Bangladesh and the resource-dependent communities
	30.4 Materials and methods
		30.4.1 Research design
		30.4.2 Study subjects
		30.4.3 Interview outline
		30.4.4 Data collection
		30.4.5 Data analysis
		30.4.6 Ethical issues
	30.5 Impact assessment of COVID-19 on the Sundarbans forest-dependent communities
		30.5.1 Fisherman
		30.5.2 Impact on crabber
		30.5.3 Honey hunter
		30.5.4 Nipa leaf collector
	30.6 Coping strategies of the Sundarbans forest-dependent communities in the pandemic situation
	30.7 Conclusion and recommendations
	30.8 Appendix
	References
Chapter31 - Sustainable utilization of natural resources for socio-environmental resilience and transformation in the mou ...
	31.1 Natural resources and environment: background
		31.1.1 Status & uses of natural resources in Nepal
		31.1.2 Socio-environmental issues of mountains
	31.2 Local and indigenous practices
	31.3 Policies, programs, and institutions
		31.3.1 National policy
		31.3.2 Agencies and programs
		31.3.3 Conservation programs
		31.3.4 Annapurna conservation area project (ACAP): a successful model
	31.4 COVID-19 and changing scenario on mountain economy
	31.5 Resilience and transformation through sustainable utilization
		31.5.1 Sustainable natural resources management
		31.5.2 Appropriate technology
			31.5.2.1 Need of appropriate technology for developing resilience in Nepal
			31.5.2.2 Research and Business Development in University
			31.5.2.3 Enterprises based on handmade paper from Daphne Sps
			31.5.2.4 Enterprise based on Himalayan Giant Nettle
	31.6 Summary
	References
Chapter32 - How resilient are mountain livelihoods against extreme events? Learnings from Central Mexico in a COVID-19 world
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Methods and material
		32.2.1 Study areas
		32.2.2 Overview of approach
		32.2.3 Data collection and analysis
	32.3 Results and discussion
		32.3.1 State policy actions concerning the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico
			32.3.1.1 Mountain tourism in protected natural areas during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico
		32.3.2 Stakeholder perceptions and testimonies
			32.3.2.1 Food security
			32.3.2.2 Medical services
			32.3.2.3 Access to workplace, source of income and subsistence
		32.3.3 Public acceptance of measures for containment and prevention of COVID-19
		32.3.4 Poverty and social deprivation
	32.4 Conclusions
	Credit author statement
	Declaration of competing interest
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter33 - Significance of conventional Indian foods acting as immune boosters to overcome COVID-19
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Methodology
	33.3 Results and discussion
		33.3.1 Lysozyme foods
		33.3.2 Antioxidants
		33.3.3 Vitamin C
		33.3.4 Vitamin D
		33.3.5 Vitamin A
		33.3.6 Vitamin E
		33.3.7 Vitamin B6, B9 (folate), and B12
		33.3.8 Minerals: copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)
			33.3.8.1 Soaking
			33.3.8.2 Sprouting
			33.3.8.3 Fermentation
		33.3.9 Herbs
	33.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter34 - COVID-19 pandemic impact on food security and food system of India:Lessons for future
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 COVID pandemic: Food security and food system of India
	34.3 COVID pandemic impact on food system productive attribute of India
		34.3.1 Preproduction disruptions
		34.3.2 Production disruption
		34.3.3 Post production disruption
			34.3.3.1 Warehouses accessibility for food production and storage
			34.3.3.2 Demand and farm gate prices
			34.3.3.3 Cash flow and interest rates
			34.3.3.4 National agricultural market
			34.3.3.5 International trade related export and import
	34.4 COVID pandemic and food security in India
		34.4.1 Availability
		34.4.2 Access
		34.4.3 Utilization
		34.4.4 Stability
	34.5 COVID pandemic and future lessons
		34.5.1 Policy to ensure farmers income and livelihood
		34.5.2 Agroecological region specific resilient food systems
		34.5.3 Robust market and supply chains
	34.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Index
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