Environmental Management and Sustainability in India: Case Studies from West Bengal

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Environmental Sustainability: Status, Scope and Challenges in West Bengal
		1 Introduction
		2 Forests Resources and Environmental Sustainability
		3 Air and Environmental Sustainability
		4 Water Resource and Environmental Sustainability
		5 Land Use/Land Cover and Environmental Sustainability
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Environmental Issues and Human Sustainability
	Chapter 2: Forest Dependency and Rural Livelihood: Strategical Survival of People in Himalayan Foothills of Bengal Duars Region
		1 Introduction
		2 The Study Area
		3 Materials and Methods
			3.1 Data Collection
			3.2 Data Analysis
		4 Results
			4.1 Profile of Households
			4.2 Forest Dependency
			4.3 Livelihood Complex and Crisis
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Identification of Potential Anthropogenic Barriers to Fluvial Connectivity in the Lower Gangetic Basin of India
		1 Introduction
		2 Database and Methods
			2.1 Study Area
			2.2 Preparation of Vector Layers
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Construction of Dams and Barrages
			3.2 Alignment of Transportation Networks
			3.3 Construction of Embankments
			3.4 Riverside Land Use Pattern
		4 Conclusion and Recommendation
		References
	Chapter 4: A Case Study of Channel Shifting and Its Impacts on Riverside Land Use and Land Cover Using RS and GIS in Teesta Ri...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Methodology
		4 Results and Discussion
		5 Year-Wise Investigation of River Course
		6 Location-Wise Investigation of River Course
		7 Investigation of River Course Width and Sub-channel
		8 Channel Change and Land Use Dynamicity
		9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Monitoring the Shifting Nature of River Singimari and its Impact on Riverside Land Use and Landcover in Dinhata-I a...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Materials and Methods
			3.1 Database Preparation
			3.2 Extraction of River Boundary
			3.3 Assessment of River Behaviour
			3.4 LULC Classification and Accuracy Assessment
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Riverbank Shifting
			4.2 LULC Classification
			4.3 Accuracy Assessment of LULC
			4.4 LULC Change Detection
			4.5 Erosion and Accretion
			4.6 Channel Belt and Meander Belt
			4.7 River Sinuosity
			4.8 Channel Migration Vulnerability Zone
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Societal Instabilities in the Wake of Shifting of River Course: A Study of Hotnagar Char of Bhagirathi River, West ...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Database and Methodology
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Evolution of Char and Erosion-Accretion Sequence
				4.1.1 Evolution of Hotnagar Char
				4.1.2 Meander Migration and Erosion-Accretion Sequence
			4.2 Evolution of Char, Society and Economy
				4.2.1 Peopling of Char and Associated Geopolitical Issues
				4.2.2 Agricultural Distress and Livelihood
				4.2.3 Issues of Transport and Accessibility
			4.3 Char Evolution, Land Disputes, and Management
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Strategic Infrastructural Development to Promote Sustainable Coastal Tourism Through Geospatial Technology in Purba...
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Study Area
			2.2 Methodological Framework
			2.3 Scenario of Infrastructural Condition of the Tourist Spots
				2.3.1 GPS Survey
				2.3.2 GPS and GIS Integration
				2.3.3 Overlay Analysis
			2.4 Principle Component Analysis of the Economic Impacts of Tourism Development
			2.5 Satisfaction Index of the Tourist Spots
			2.6 SWOC Analysis
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Tourist Infrastructure and Utility Facility Zone
			3.2 Zonation of Facilitated Area
			3.3 Scenario of Violation of Coastal Regulation Zone Norms
			3.4 Economic Impacts of Tourism Development Using PCA
				3.4.1 Characteristics of Respondents
				3.4.2 Respondents´ Perception on Impact of Tourism by Factor Analysis
			3.5 Satisfaction Index of Tourists Spots
				3.5.1 New Digha
				3.5.2 Old Digha
				3.5.3 Shankarpur
				3.5.4 Tajpur
				3.5.5 Mondermoni
			3.6 SWOC Analysis of Internal and External Factors of the Potential Undeveloped Sectors
				3.6.1 Internal (IFEM) and External (EFEM) Factor Estimate Matrix of Jhalda Beach
				3.6.2 Internal (IFEM) and External (EFEM) Factor Estimate Matrix of Soula & Changasuli Beach
				3.6.3 Internal (IFEM) and External (EFEM) Factor Estimate Matrix of Haripur Beach
				3.6.4 Internal (IFEM) and External (EFEM) Factor Estimate Matrix of Junput Beach
				3.6.5 Internal (IFEM) and External (EFEM) Factor Estimate Matrix of Bhogpur Beach
				3.6.6 Internal (IFEM) and External (EFEM) Factor Estimate Matrix of Bankiput Beach
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: A Study on the Characteristics of Sea Waves at the Mandarmani Sea Beach of West Bengal
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Materials and Methods
			3.1 Wave Data Collection
				3.1.1 Wave Velocity
				3.1.2 Wave Crest
				3.1.3 Wave Frequency
			3.2 Wave Parameters
			3.3 Continuity Equation
			3.4 Velocity Potential Function
			3.5 Pressure Distribution Under Progressive Wave
			3.6 Wave Energy and Wave Power
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Results
			4.2 Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Determining Recent Trends of Forest Loss and Its Associated Drivers for Sustainable Management in the Dry Deciduous...
		1 Introduction
		2 Data Sources and Methods
			2.1 Study Area
			2.2 Collection of Data and Analysis
				2.2.1 Forest Loss Mapping and Trend of Forest Loss
				2.2.2 Study Site Selection and Defining Zone Boundaries
				2.2.3 Household Surveys
				2.2.4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
		3 Result
			3.1 Spatial-Temporal Forest Cover Loss
			3.2 Perceptions of People on Forest Loss and Its Associated Drivers
		4 Discussions
			4.1 Forest Loss Varies in Spatial-Temporal Context
			4.2 Diverse Pattern of Driving Factor Over Space
		5 Implications of the Study for Sustainable Management
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Impact of Land Inundation Caused by Cyclone `Amphan´ Across Bangladesh and India Using Spatial Damage Assessment F...
		1 Introduction
		2 Database
		3 Methods
			3.1 LULC and Flood Mapping
			3.2 Damage and Loss Estimation
			3.3 Amphan and Poverty Severity
			3.4 Amphan Cyclone Severity Zone
		4 Results
			4.1 Bay of Bengal and Tropical Cyclones
			4.2 Damage Estimation
				4.2.1 Crop Damage
				4.2.2 Livestock Damage
				4.2.3 Housing Damage
			4.3 Impact on Low-Income Household
			4.4 Cyclone Shock Zones
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Developmental Project (Bandel Thermal Power Station) and Its Impact on Groundwater: An Empirical Study from an Ind...
		1 Introduction
		2 Methods
			2.1 Study Area
			2.2 Collection of Groundwater Samples
				2.2.1 Physicochemical Water Quality Assessment
				2.2.2 Statistical Analysis and Evaluation of the Nature of Groundwater
				2.2.3 Spatial Mapping of Parameters and Water Quality
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Impact on Water Quantity
			3.2 Hydrochemical Characteristics of Effluent Discharge
			3.3 Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater Quality
			3.4 Association Among Parameters
			3.5 Groundwater Quality Index (WQI)
		4 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 12: Spatio-Temporal Variation of Groundwater Table with Relation to Rainfall Distribution: A Study in Nadia District, ...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Database and Methodology
			3.1 Database
			3.2 Methodology
				3.2.1 Spatial Interpolation of Data
				3.2.2 Mann-Kendall Test
				3.2.3 Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE)
				3.2.4 Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
		4 Result and Discussion
			4.1 Rainfall Distribution
			4.2 Temporal Variation in Depth of the Groundwater Table
			4.3 Spatial Variation of Depth of the Groundwater Table (mbgl)
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZ) Using Weighted Overlay Model: A Case Study on a Semi-Arid Dis...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Material and Methods
			3.1 Data Source
			3.2 Preparation of Thematic Layers
				3.2.1 Geomorphology
				3.2.2 Lineament Density (LD)
				3.2.3 Geology (G)
				3.2.4 Slope (SL)
				3.2.5 Soil Texture (ST)
				3.2.6 Rainfall(R)
				3.2.7 Land-Use-Land Cover (LULC)
				3.2.8 Drainage Density (DD)
			3.3 AHP
			3.4 WOM
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Geology (G)
			4.2 Geomorphology (GM)
			4.3 Drainage Density (DD)
			4.4 Slope (SL)
			4.5 Lineament Density (LD)
			4.6 LULC
			4.7 Groundwater Fluctuation
			4.8 Texture of Soil (ST)
			4.9 Rainfall (R)
		5 Groundwater Potential Zonation (GWPZ)
		6 Validation
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Groundwater Irrigation and Consequent Hazards in East Barddhaman District, West Bengal, India
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area and Objectives of the Study
		3 Data Source and Methodology
		4 Discussion
			4.1 Physiography, Drainage and Lithology
			4.2 Pre-Monsoon and Post-monsoon Groundwater Level
			4.3 History of Irrigation
			4.4 Spatial Variation of Different Sources of Irrigation in the District
			4.5 Spatial Distribution of Tubewells in the District
			4.6 Cropping Pattern and Its Spatio-temporal Variation in the District
			4.7 Level of Groundwater Development in East Barddhaman
			4.8 Groundwater Irrigation and Development in Agriculture
			4.9 Groundwater Irrigation and Consequent Hazards
		5 Remedies of these Hazards
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Debates on Urban Environmental Issues and Trends of Urban Forestry in Kolkata Municipal Corporation: A Quantitativ...
		1 Introduction
		2 Objectives
			2.1 Methodology
			2.2 Study Area: Rationale Behind the Problems and Selection of KMC
			2.3 Concepts Used
		3 Importance of Urban Forestry
			3.1 Debates on Urban Environmental Issues
			3.2 Environmental Issues in Urban Areas
			3.3 Urban Forestry in Kolkata
		4 Trends of Green Cover in KMC: A Quantitative Approach
		5 Enhance of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development of KMC
		6 Result and Discussion/Major Findings
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Pandemic COVID-19, Reduced Usage of Public Transportation Systems and Urban Environmental Challenges: Few Evidence...
		1 Introduction
		2 The Environmental Demand of Public Transportation Systems (PTS)
		3 Public Transport in India
		4 Public Transport in West Bengal
		5 COVID-19 and the Vulnerabilities with Public Transportation Systems
		6 Phases of Restrictions on Public Transport Services in West Bengal
		7 Shifting Interest from Public to Private Transport
		8 Potential Threat to Urban Environmental Quality
		9 Summary and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Estimating the Variability of Ground-Level Annual PM2.5 and PM10 Using Land-Use Regression Model in Kolkata Munici...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Dataset
			3.1 Ambient Air Quality Data
			3.2 Meteorological Data
			3.3 Road Network Data
			3.4 Traffic Information and Location Data
		4 Methodology
			4.1 LUR Model Setting
			4.2 Statistical Analysis
			4.3 Preparing PM Surface Map
			4.4 Result and Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: Effects of Land Use and Land Cover on Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) in Durgapur-Asansol Industrial Region: A Li...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Data and Methods
			3.1 Data Source
			3.2 Methods
				3.2.1 Estimation of LST and SUHI
				3.2.2 Extraction of Land-Use and Land Cover Class
				3.2.3 Formulation of Linear Regression Equation and Dummy Variables
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Mapping of SUHI and Relation with Land Use/Cover
			4.2 Effect of Land Class on LST with Linear Regression
			4.3 Approach to Mitigate SUHI with Regression Model
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 19: An Exercise on Valuation of Urban Heritage Site, A Comparative Study of Victoria Memorial Hall and Indian Museum, ...
		1 Introduction
		2 Objective of the Research
		3 Methods and Methodology
			3.1 Details of the Valuation Methods Used in the Study
			3.2 Travel Cost Method (TCM)
			3.3 Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)
			3.4 Justification for the Application of Environmental Valuation Method in the Context of Cultural Heritage
		4 Study Area
		5 Results and Discussion
			5.1 Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile of the Visitors
			5.2 Recreational Profile of the Visitors
			5.3 Economic Feasibility
			5.4 Travel Cost Analysis
			5.5 Contingent Valuation
			5.6 Management Profile and Planning Strategies
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: Population Shifting and Its Consequences on Women´s Life: A Case Study Along the River Banks of Ganga-Bhagirathi i...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Data Base and Methodology
			3.1 Data Source
			3.2 Sample Survey
			3.3 Database Preparation and Analysis
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Limitation of the Research
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 21: Social Issues and Sustainability of COVID-19: A District Level Spatio-Temporal Analysis in West Bengal
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Database
		4 Methodology
		5 Result of the Study
		6 Discussion
			6.1 Spatio-temporal Pattern of COVID-Confirmed Cases
		7 Spatial Pattern of Case Fatality Rate
		8 Socio-environmental Factors Related to the COVID-19
		9 Temporal Changes in COVID Casualties
		10 Management
		11 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Ecosystem Restoration and Sustainable Development
	Chapter 22: Dependence on Forest Products to Sustain Rural Livelihood: An Experience from Bankura Forest, West Bengal
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Methods
			3.1 Approaches and Techniques
			3.2 Data Collection and Selecting Target Group
			3.3 Instruments and Measures
		4 Data Analysis and Results
			4.1 Livelihood of Forest-Dependent People
			4.2 Role of Dry Sal Leaves (Sal Pata) in Forest Livelihood and Its Marketing Mechanism
			4.3 Livelihood Diversification
			4.4 Model Specification
				4.4.1 Rationale for Selecting Socio-Economic and Livelihood Parameters
				4.4.2 Discussion
		5 Conclusions and Recommendations
		Appendix Table 1: Characteristics of the Villages Under Study
		References
	Chapter 23: Border Netting Technology with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for Sustainable Chilli Leaf Curl Manage...
		1 Introduction
		2 Case Description
		3 Package of Practices in Different Crop Growth Stages as Adopted
			3.1 Land Preparation
			3.2 Nursery Bed Preparation
			3.3 Main Field
		4 Discussion and Evaluation
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 24: Smart Cities and Sustainable Urban Development in India: A Case Study of West Bengal
		1 Introduction
		2 Defining the Smart Cities
		3 Smart City and Sustainable Urbanization
		4 Smart City in India
		5 Challenges and Environmental Problems in Urban India
		6 Urbanization in West Bengal: Sustainability and Challenges
		7 Smart City Mission in West Bengal
		8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 25: Significance of Sustainable Transportation in Urban Mobility: A Special Study During COVID-19 Unlock Period in Kol...
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Status of Non-motorized Transport (NMT) and Emission-Free Transport in Kolkata and Preference of NMT and/or Emission-Free ...
				3.1.1 Walking
				3.1.2 Cycling
				3.1.3 Electric Bus
				3.1.4 Metro
			3.2 Benefits of Non-motorized Emission-Free Transport
				3.2.1 Preventing Air Pollution and Climate Change
				3.2.2 Relaxation from Noise Annoyance
				3.2.3 Reduction in Energy Consumption
				3.2.4 Marginalizing Pressure of Traffic Congestion
				3.2.5 Improvement of Road Safety
				3.2.6 Equity of Access
			3.3 Relevance of Sustainable Urban Transport Index During Post-COVID Urban Transport Scenario of Kolkata
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 26: Assessing the Impact of Urban Land-Use Dynamics on the Ecological Environment of East Kolkata: A Study for Sustain...
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Study Area
			2.2 Database
			2.3 Methodology
				2.3.1 LULC Classification and Accuracy Assessment
				2.3.2 Calculation of Bio-Physical Indicators
					Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI)
					Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
					Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
				2.3.3 Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature (LST)
				2.3.4 Correlation Coefficient
				2.3.5 Assessment of Ecological Vulnerability Using SPCA
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Spatio-Temporal Patterns of LULC
			3.2 Accuracy Assessment
			3.3 Component-Wise LULC Change Analysis
				3.3.1 Changes in Vegetation Cover
				3.3.2 Changes in Water Bodies and Wetlands
				3.3.3 Changes in Built-up Areas
			3.4 Relationship of NDBI, NDVI, and NDWI with LST
			3.5 Ecological Vulnerability Assessment
		4 Management Framework and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 27: Residents´ Perception Towards Environmental Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal and Suitability Analysis for ...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Data and Software
		4 Methods and Techniques
			4.1 Environmental Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal
			4.2 Site Suitability Analysis
			4.3 Topographic Factors
			4.4 Hydrological Factor
			4.5 Landscape Criteria
			4.6 Infrastructural Criteria
			4.7 Accessibility
			4.8 Criteria Weight and Overlay Analysis
		5 Results and Discussions
			5.1 Waste Generation from Different Source Area
			5.2 Quantity of Generation of Different Types of Waste
			5.3 Ward Wise Solid Waste Generation
			5.4 Waste Generation Per-Unit Area
			5.5 Per Capita Waste Generation
			5.6 Current Scenario of Waste Management
			5.7 Environmental Impact of MSW Disposal
			5.8 Wards Wise Composite Index (CI) Analysis
			5.9 Site Suitability Assessment for MSW Disposal
		References
	Chapter 28: Yoga Tourism as an Emerging Branch of Eco-tourism for the Restoration of Sustainable Human Environment
		1 Introduction
		2 Background of the Study
		3 Data and Method
		4 Results
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 29: Formulation of Geotourism Development Strategies for Potential Geoheritage Sites in Subarnarekha-Kangsabati Interf...
		1 Introduction
		2 Geographical Accounts of the Study Area
		3 Materials and Methods
			3.1 Data Source and Materials
			3.2 Tourist Value Assessment
			3.3 SWOT-AHP Hybrid Model
		4 Brief Description of Selected Geosites
			4.1 Ajodhya Hill as a Geosite
			4.2 Dalma Hill as a Geosite
			4.3 Duarsini and Lakhaisini Hill as a Geosite
			4.4 Gurrasini Hill as a Geosite
			4.5 Jhilimili as a Geosite
			4.6 Jabarban Pahar as a Geosite
		5 Geotourism Potentiality of Geosites
		6 SWOT of SKI Region
		7 Formulation of Strategy
		8 Discussion: Geotourism Potentiality and Strategy
		9 Conclusion
		References
Index