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دانلود کتاب Environmental justice analysis : theories, methods, and practice

دانلود کتاب تحلیل عدالت محیطی: نظریه ها ، روش ها و عمل

Environmental justice analysis : theories, methods, and practice

مشخصات کتاب

Environmental justice analysis : theories, methods, and practice

ویرایش:  
نویسندگان:   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 1566704030, 9781566704038 
ناشر: Lewis Publishers 
سال نشر: 2001 
تعداد صفحات: 357 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 3 مگابایت 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 44,000



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توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی


Content: Chapter 1 Environmental Justice, Equity, and Policies --
1.1 Environmental Justice Movement 1 --
1.2 Environmental Justice Policies 5 --
1.3 Environmental Justice Analysis 10 --
Chapter 2 Theories and Hypotheses --
2.1 Theories of Justice and Equity 19 --
2.1.1 Utilitarianism 20 --
2.1.2 Contractarianism and Egalitarianism 22 --
2.1.3 Libertarianism 23 --
2.1.4 Which Theory? 24 --
2.2 Economic Theory and Location Theory 26 --
2.2.1 Externality and Public Goods 27 --
2.2.2 Welfare Economics 28 --
2.2.3 Residential Location Theory 30 --
2.2.4 Industrial Location Theory 33 --
2.3 Theories of Risk 34 --
2.3.1 Psychometric Theory 35 --
2.3.2 Expected Utility Theory 36 --
2.3.3 Cultural Theory 36 --
2.3.4 Sociological Theory 37 --
2.4 Theories of Neighborhood Change 37 --
2.4.1 Classical Invasion-Succession Model 38 --
2.4.2 Neighborhood Life-Cycle Model 39 --
2.4.3 Push-Pull Model 40 --
2.4.4 Institutional Theory of Neighborhood Change 41 --
Chapter 3 Methodology and Analytical Framework for Environmental Justice and Equity Analysis --
3.1 Inquiry and Environmental Justice Analysis 45 --
3.1.1 Positivism and Participatory Research 45 --
3.1.2 Scientific Reasoning 47 --
3.1.3 Validity 47 --
3.1.4 Causality 51 --
3.2 Methodological Issues in Environmental Justice Research 52 --
3.3 Integrated Analytical Framework 55 --
Chapter 4 Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts --
4.1 Environmental and Human Impacts: Concepts and Processes 61 --
4.2 Modeling and Simulating Environmental Risks 65 --
4.2.1 Modeling Exposure 66 --
4.2.1.1 Emission Models 67 --
4.2.1.2 Dispersion Models 69 --
4.2.1.3 Time-Activity Patterns and Exposure Models 71 --
4.2.2 Modeling Dose-Response 72 --
4.3 Measuring and Modeling Economic Impacts 75 --
4.3.1 Contingent Valuation Method 75 --
4.3.2 Hedonic Price Method 76 --
4.4 Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts for Environmental Justice Analysis 81 --
4.5 Critique and Response of a Risk-Based Approach to Equity Analysis 86 --
Chapter 5 Quantifying and Projecting Population Distribution --
5.1 Census 93 --
5.2 Population Measurements: Who Is Disadvantaged? 95 --
5.2.1 Race and Ethnicity 96 --
5.2.2 Income 99 --
5.2.3 Highly Susceptible of Exposed Subpopulations 104 --
5.2.4 Age 105 --
5.2.5 Housing 107 --
5.2.6 Education 108 --
5.3 Population Distribution 108 --
5.4 Population Projection and Forecast 110 --
5.4.1 Methods 111 --
5.4.2 Choosing the Right Method 113 --
Chapter 6 Defining Units of Analysis --
6.1 Debate on Choice of Unit of Analysis 117 --
6.2 Census Geography: Concepts, Criteria, and Hierarchy 120 --
6.2.1 Basic Hierarchy: Standard Geographic Units 120 --
6.2.2 Non-Standard Geographic Units 126 --
6.3 Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Consistency, Comparability, and Availability 128 --
6.3.1 Hierarchical Relationship and Geographic Boundary 128 --
6.3.2 Boundary Comparability over Time 129 --
6.3.3 Data Availability and Comparability over Time 131 --
6.4 Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Which One? 133 --
6.5 Alternative Units of Analysis 139 --
6.5.1 Based on the Boundary of Environmental Impacts 140 --
6.5.2 Based on the Boundary of Sociological Neighborhood 141 --
6.5.3 Based on the Boundary of Economic Impacts 142 --
6.5.4 Based on the Administrative/Political Boundary or Judicial Opinions 143 --
Chapter 7 Analyzing Data with Statistical Methods --
7.1 Descriptive Statistics 145 --
7.2 Inferential Statistics 149 --
7.3 Correlation and Regression 152 --
7.4 Probability and Discrete Choice Models 156 --
7.5 Spatial Statistics 157 --
7.6 Applications of Statistical Methods in Environmental Justice Studies 158 --
Chapter 8 Integrating, Analyzing, and Mapping Data with GIS --
8.1 Spatial Measures and Concepts 164 --
8.1.1 Spatials Data 164 --
8.1.2 Spatial Data Structure 164 --
8.1.3 Distance 165 --
8.1.4 Centroid 165 --
8.2 Spatial Interpolation 165 --
8.2.1 Point Interpolation 166 --
8.2.2 Areal Interpolation 167 --
8.3 GIS-Based Units of Analysis for Equity Analysis 168 --
8.3.1 Adjacency Analysis 168 --
8.3.2 Buffer Analysis 168 --
8.4 Overlay and Suitability Analysis 172 --
8.5 GIS-Based Operationalization of Equity Criteria 174 --
8.6 Integrating GIS and Urban and Environmental Models 175 --
Chapter 9 Modeling Urban Systems --
9.1 Gravity Models, Spatial Interaction, and Entropy Maximization 178 --
9.2 Deterministic Utility, Random Utility, and Discrete Choice 181 --
9.2.1 Deterministic Utility and Optimization 182 --
9.2.2 Random Utility Theory and Discrete Choice 183 --
9.3 Policy Evaluation Measures 184 --
9.4 Operational Models 186 --
9.5 Integrating Urban and Environmental Models for Environmental Justice Analysis 191 --
Chapter 10 Equity Analysis of Air Pollution --
10.1 Air Quality 195 --
10.2 Relationship between Air Quality and Population Distribution: Theories, Methods, and Evidence 199 --
10.2.1.1 Residential Location Theory and Spatial Interaction 199 --
10.2.1.2 Risk Perception and Human Response to Air Quality 200 --
10.2.1.3 Theories of Neighborhood Changes 201 --
10.3 Spatial Interaction Modeling Approach to Testing Environmental Inequity 205 --
10.3.1 Problem Definition 205 --
10.3.2 Hypothesis 205 --
10.3.3 Methods: Spatial Interaction Modeling Using DRAM 205 --
10.3.4 Index Construction and Data Preparation 207 --
10.3.5 Model Estimation 210 --
10.3.6.1 Los Angeles 213 --
10.3.6.2 Houston 215 --
10.4 Equity Analysis of National Ambient Air Quality Standards 219 --
10.4.3.1 Nonattainment Areas as a Whole 221 --
10.4.3.2 Spatial Distribution and Regional Differences 223 --
10.4.3.3 City vs. Non-City Nonattainment Areas 230 --
10.4.3.4 Major Findings 233 --
10.4.3.5 Implications for Environmental Policy 234 --
Chapter 11 Environmental Justice Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities, Superfund Sites, and Toxic Release Facilities --
11.1 Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities 237 --
11.1.1 Hazardous Wastes 237 --
11.1.2 Equity Analysis of Hazardous Waste Facilities 238 --
11.1.2.1 Cross-Sectional National Studies 239 --
11.1.2.2 Regional Studies 247 --
11.1.3 Methodological Issues 248 --
11.2 Equity Analysis of CERCLIS and Superfund Sites 250 --
11.2.1 CERCLIS and Superfund Sites 250 --
11.2.2 Hypotheses and Empirical Evidence 252 --
11.2.3 Methodological Issues 257 --
11.3 Equity Analysis of Toxic Release Facilities 258 --
11.3.1 Toxic Releases Inventory 258 --
11.3.2 National Studies and Evidence 261 --
11.3.3 Regional Studies and Methodological Improvements 264 --
11.3.4 Methodological Issues 266 --
Chapter 12 Dynamics Analysis of Locally Unwanted Land Uses --
12.1 Methodological Issues in Dynamics Analysis 270 --
12.2 Framework for Dynamics Analysis 273 --
12.3 Revisiting the Houston Case: Hypothesis Testing 276 --
12.4 Discussion of Alternative Hypotheses 279 --
12.4.1 Invasion-Succession Hypothesis 279 --
12.4.2 Life-Cycle Hypothesis 280 --
12.4.3 Push Forces: Other Environmental Risks 282 --
Chapter 13 Equity Analysis of Transportation Systems, Projects, Plans, and Policies --
13.1 Environmental Impacts of Transportation Systems 287 --
13.2 Incorporating Equity Analysis in the Transportation Planning Process 288 --
13.3 Transportation System Performance Measures 291 --
13.4 Equity Analysis of Mobility and Accessibility 292 --
13.4.2 Using Accessibility for Equity Analysis 297 --
13.4.3 Empirical Evidence about Mobility Disparity 300 --
13.4.4 Accessibility Disparity and Spatial Mismatch 302 --
13.5 Measuring Distributional Impacts on Property Values 304 --
13.6 Measuring Environmental Impacts 307 --
13.7 Equity Analysis of Transportation Policies 308 --
13.8 Environmental Justice of Transportation in Court 311 --
14.1 Internet-Based and Community-Based Tools 315 --
14.1.1 EPA's Environfacts 315 --
14.1.2 LandView III 317 --
14.1.3 Environmental Defense's Scorecard (http://www.scorecard.org/) 318.



فهرست مطالب

References......Page 1
1.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE MOVEMENT......Page 28
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE POLICIES......Page 32
1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ANALYSIS......Page 37
1.4 THE DEBATE ON TERMINOLOGY......Page 38
1.5 OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK......Page 41
2.1 Theories of Justice and Equity......Page 45
2.1.1 Utilitarianism......Page 46
2.1.2 Contractarianism and Egalitarianism......Page 48
2.1.3 Libertarianism......Page 49
2.1.4 Which theory?......Page 50
2.2 Economic and Location Theories......Page 52
2.2.1 Externality and Public Goods......Page 53
2.2.2 Welfare Economics......Page 54
2.2.3 Residential Location Theory......Page 56
2.2.4 Industrial Location Theory......Page 59
2.3 Theories of Risk......Page 60
2.3.1 Psychometric Theory......Page 61
2.3.3 Cultural Theory......Page 62
2.4 Theories of Neighborhood Change......Page 63
2.4.1 Classical Invasion?Succession Model......Page 64
2.4.2 Neighborhood Life-Cycle Model......Page 65
2.4.3 Push?Pull Model......Page 66
2.4.4 Institutional Theory of Neighborhood Change......Page 67
2.5 Summary......Page 69
3.1.1 Positivism and Participatory Research......Page 70
3.1.3 Validity......Page 72
3.1.4 Causality......Page 76
3.2 Methodological Issues in Environmental Justice Research......Page 77
3.3 Integrated Analytical Framework......Page 80
4.1 Environmental and Human Impacts: Concepts and Processes......Page 86
4.2 Modeling and Simulating Environmental Risks......Page 90
4.2.1 Modeling Exposure......Page 91
4.2.1.1 Emission Models......Page 92
4.2.1.2 Dispersion Models......Page 94
4.2.1.3 Time-Activity Patterns and Exposure Models......Page 96
4.2.2 Modeling Dose-Response......Page 97
4.3.1 Contingent Valuation Method......Page 100
4.3.2 Hedonic Price Method......Page 101
4.4 Measuring Environmental and Human Impacts for Environmental Justice Analysis......Page 106
4.5 Critique and Response of a Risk-based Approach to Equity Analysis......Page 111
4.6 Summary......Page 115
5.1 Census......Page 117
5.2 Population Measurements: Who Are Disadvantaged?......Page 119
5.2.1 Race and Ethnicity......Page 120
5.2.2 Income......Page 123
5.2.3 Highly Susceptible or Exposed Subpopulations......Page 128
5.2.4 Age......Page 129
5.2.5 Housing......Page 131
5.3 Population Distribution......Page 132
5.4 Population Projection and Forecast......Page 134
5.4.1 Methods......Page 135
5.4.2 Choosing the Right Method......Page 137
5.5 Summary......Page 140
6.1 The Debate on Choice of Unit of Analysis......Page 141
6.2.1 Basic Hierarchy: Standard Geographic Units......Page 144
6.2.2 Non-Standard Geographic Units......Page 150
6.3.1 Hierarchical Relationship and Geographic Boundary......Page 152
6.3.2 Boundary Comparability Over Time......Page 153
6.3.3 Data Availability and Comparability Over Time......Page 155
6.4 Census Geography as a Unit of Equity Analysis: Which One?......Page 157
6.5 Alternative Units of Analysis......Page 163
6.5.1 Based on the Boundary of Environmental Impacts......Page 164
6.5.2 Based on the Boundary of Sociological Neighborhood......Page 165
6.5.3 Based on the Boundary of Economic Impacts......Page 166
6.5.4 Based on the Administrative/Political Boundary or Judicial Opinions......Page 167
6.6 Summary......Page 168
7.1 Descriptive Statistics......Page 169
7.2 Inferential Statistics......Page 173
7.3 Correlation and Regression......Page 176
7.4 Probability and Discrete Choice Models......Page 180
7.5 Spatial Statistics......Page 181
7.6 Applications of Statistical Methods in Environmental Justice Studies......Page 182
Integrating, Analyzing, and Mapping Data with GIS......Page 187
8.1.2 Spatial Data Structure......Page 188
8.2 Spatial Interpolation......Page 189
8.2.1 Point Interpolation......Page 190
8.2.2 Areal Interpolation......Page 191
8.3.2 Buffer Analysis......Page 192
8.4 Overlay and Suitability analysis......Page 196
8.5 GIS-based Operationalization of Equity Criteria......Page 198
8.6 Integrating GIS and Urban and Environmental Models......Page 199
Modeling Urban Systems......Page 201
9.1 Gravity Models, Spatial Interaction, and Entropy Maximization......Page 202
9.2 Deterministic Utility, Random Utility, and Discrete Choice......Page 205
9.2.1 Deterministic Utility and Optimization......Page 206
9.2.2 Random Utility Theory and Discrete Choice......Page 207
9.3 Policy Evaluation Measures......Page 208
9.4 Operational Models......Page 210
9.5 Integrating Urban and Environmental Models for Environmental Justice Analysis......Page 215
10.1 AIR QUALITY......Page 219
10.2.1.1 Residential Location Theory and Spatial Interaction......Page 223
10.2.1.2 Risk Perception and Human Response to Air Quality......Page 224
10.2.1.3 Theories of Neighborhood Changes......Page 225
10.2.2 METHODS......Page 226
10.2.3 EVIDENCE......Page 227
10.3.3 METHODS: SPATIAL INTERACTION MODELING USING DRAM......Page 229
10.3.4 INDEX CONSTRUCTION AND DATA PREPARATION......Page 231
10.3.5 MODEL ESTIMATION......Page 234
10.3.6.1 Los Angeles......Page 237
10.3.6.2 Houston......Page 239
10.3.7 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 241
10.4.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION......Page 243
10.4.2 METHODS......Page 244
10.4.3.1 Nonattainment Areas as a Whole......Page 245
10.4.3.2 Spatial Distribution and Regional Differences......Page 247
10.4.3.3 City vs. Non-City Nonattainment Areas......Page 254
10.4.3.4 Major Findings......Page 257
10.4.3.5 Implications for Environmental Policy......Page 258
11.1.1 HAZARDOUS WASTES......Page 260
11.1.2 EQUITY ANALYSIS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITIES......Page 261
11.1.2.1 Cross-Sectional National Studies......Page 262
11.1.2.2 Regional Studies......Page 270
11.1.3 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 271
11.2.1 CERCLIS AND SUPERFUND SITES......Page 273
11.2.2 HYPOTHESES AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE......Page 275
11.2.3 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 280
11.3.1 TOXICS RELEASES INVENTORY......Page 281
11.3.2 NATIONAL STUDIES AND EVIDENCE......Page 284
11.3.3 REGIONAL STUDIES AND METHODOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS......Page 287
11.3.4 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 289
11.4 SUMMARY......Page 291
Dynamics Analysis of Locally Unwanted Land Uses......Page 292
12.1 Methodological Issues in Dynamics Analysis......Page 293
12.2 Framework for Dynamics Analysis......Page 296
12.3.1 Data......Page 299
12.3.2 Tests......Page 300
12.3.3 Results......Page 301
12.4.1 Invasion-Succession Hypothesis......Page 302
12.4.2 Life-Cycle Hypothesis......Page 303
12.5 Conclusions......Page 305
Equity Analysis of Transportation Systems, Projects, Plans, and Policies......Page 307
13.1 Environmental Impacts of Transportation Systems......Page 309
13.2 Incorporating Equity Analysis in the Transportation Planning Process......Page 310
13.3 Transportation System Performance Measures......Page 313
13.4.1 Concepts and Methods......Page 314
13.4.2 Using Accessibility for Equity Analysis......Page 319
13.4.3 Empirical Evidence about Mobility Disparity......Page 322
13.4.4 Accessibility Disparity and Spatial Mismatch......Page 324
13.5 Measuring Distributional Impacts on Property Values......Page 326
13.6 Measuring Environmental Impacts......Page 329
13.7 Equity Analysis of Transportation Policies......Page 330
13.8 Environmental Justice of Transportation in Court......Page 333
13.9 Summary......Page 335
14.1.1 EPA’s Environfacts......Page 336
14.1.2 LandView? III......Page 338
14.1.3 Environmental Defense’s Scorecard http://www.scorecard.org/......Page 339
14.2 Trends and Conclusions......Page 340
Environmental Justice Analysis......Page 343
Preface......Page 345
Contents......Page 353




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