Environmental Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Author
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
	Shalenanza—Revisited
	The Other Side of the Coin
	Earthquakes
		What Causes Earthquakes?
		Seismology
		Earthquake Magnitude
		Earthquake Intensity
	Internal Structure of Earth
	Key Definitions
		Fracing Terminology
	Purpose of Text
	The Bottom Line
	Thought-Provoking Discussion Questions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 2 Shale Gas
	Importance of Shale Gas
	Versatility of Natural Gas
	Alternative/Renewable Energy
	The 411 on Natural Gas
	The 411 on Processing and Refining Natural Gas
		Natural Gas Refining: The Process
	The Bottom Line
	Thought-Provoking Discussion Questions
	References
	Notes
Chapter 3 Shale Gas Geology
	Introduction
		Key Terms
	Sedimentation
	Types of Sedimentary Rocks
		Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
		Recoverable Resources
	Determining the Grade of Oil Shale
		Origin of Organic Matter
		Thermal Maturity of Organic Matter
		Classification of Oil Shale
		Evaluation of Oil Shale Resources
	Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
	Physical Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
	Sedimentary Rock Facies
	The Bottom Line
	Thought-Provoking Discussion Questions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 4 Shale Gas Plays
	Unconventional Natural Gas Resources
		Natural Gas Measurement
		Natural Gas Calculation
		Natural Gas Volume Calculations
		Oil Volume Calculations
		Gas-to-Oil Calculations
		U.S. Natural Gas Reserves
	Distribution of Unconventional Natural Shale Gas
	Fast Forward to the Future
	Thought-Provoking Discussion Questions
	References
Chapter 5 Shale Gas Sources
	Shale Gas in the United States
	Geologic Time Scale
	Active U.S. Gas Shale Plays
		Barnett Shale Play
		Fayetteville Shale Play
		Marcellus Shale Play
		Antrim Shale Play
		Woodford Shale Play
		New Albany Shale Play
	Thought-Provoking Discussion Questions
	Haynesville Shale Play
	References
Chapter 6 Hydraulic Fracturing: The Process
	Poor Farm Folk to Texas Rich
	Drilling for Water versus Drilling for Shale Gas
	Water Well Systems
		Water Well Site Requirements
		Types of Water Wells
	Components of a Water Well
		Well Casing
		Grout
		Sanitary Seal
		Well Pad
		Well Screen
		Casing Vent
		Drop Pipe
		Miscellaneous Well Components
	Shale Gas Drilling Development Technology
	Drilling
		Well Casing Construction
		Drilling Fluids and Retention Pits
	Hydraulic Fracturing
		Fracture Design
		Hydraulic Fracturing Process
		Fracturing Fluids
	Fracking Water Supply
	The Bottom Line
	Thought-Provoking Discussion Questions
	References
	Notes
Chapter 7 Laws and Regulations Affecting Gas Shale Development & Operations
	Introduction
	Regulations for Shale Gas Operations
	Fracking Jobs Are Grave-Digging Jobs!
	Pollution: Effects Often Easy to See, Feel, Taste, and/or Smell
	Regulatory Structure
		Federal Environmental Laws and Shale Gas Development
		State Regulations
		Local Regulation
	Water Quality Regulations
		Genesis of Clean Water Reform
	Clean Water Act
	Safe Drinking Water Act
		SDWA Definitions
		SDWA Specific Provisions
		1996 Amendments to SDWA
		Implementing SDWA
	Oil Pollution Act of 1990
	Air Quality
		Air Pollution
		Atmospheric Dispersion, Transformation, and Deposition
		Dispersion Models
		Major Air Pollutants
		Ozone & Photochemical Smog
	Clean Air Act
		Title 1: Attainment & Maintenance of NAAQS
		Title 2: Mobile Source s
		Title 3: Air Toxics
		Title 4: Acid Deposition
		Title 5: Permits
		Title 6: Ozone and Global Climate Protection
		Title 7: Enforcement
		Clean Air Act Amendments
		State Implementation Plans
		New Source Review
		Air Quality Monitoring
	CAA: Interface with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations
		Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines
		Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines
		Air Permits
	Land (Soil) Quality
		Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
		Endangered Species Act
	Oil and Gas Operations on Public Lands
	Superfund (CERCLA)
	Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
	OSHA: Oil and Gas Drilling, Servicing, and Storage Standards
		Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act)
		29 CFR 1910 Subparts A-Z
		Industry Group SIC 138—Oil and Gas Field Services: Process Description
	OSHA Standards Applicable to Shale Gas Operations
		Overview of Subpart D
		Overview of Subpart E
		Overview of Subpart F
		Overview of Subpart G
		Overview of Subpart H
		Overview of Subpart I
		Overview of Subpart J
		Subpart L Overview
		Overview of Subpart N
		Subpart O Overview
	Sample Safe Work Practices: Safeguarding Machinery
		Safe Work Practices: Machine Guarding
	Machine Guarding: Training, Enforcement, and Inspections
	Machine Guarding Checklist
	Requirements for All Safeguards
		Mechanical Hazards
		Overview of Subpart S
		Subpart Z Overview
	Hazard Communication (29 CFR 1910.1200)
		Safety Data Sheets
		Hazard Communication Program Definition of Terms
	Thought-Provoking Discussion Questions
	Notes
	References and Recommended Readings
Chapter 8 Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing
	Background
		Types of Fracturing Fluids and Additives
		Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
	Fracing Fluids and Constituents
	Trade Secrets and Proprietary Chemicals
	Thought-Provoking Discussion Questions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 9 Environmental Considerations
	Introduction
	Access Roads, Well Pads, and Mineral Rights
	Horizontal Wells
		Reducing Surface Disturbance
		Reducing Wildlife Impacts
		Reducing Community Impacts
		Protecting Groundwater
	Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle
	Thought-Provoking Discussion Questions
	References
Glossary
Appendix A
Appendix B
Index