Environmental engineering : principles and practice

Content: Contributing Authors xiii     Preface xv     Acknowledgements xix     About the Cover Artist xix     About the Author xxi     About the Companion Website xxiii     1 Introduction to environmental engineering and problem solving 1  Andre J. Butler     Learning Objectives 1     1.1 History of environmental engineering 1     1.2 Significant national and international environmental concerns 10     1.3 Prominent federal environmental statues     an overview 10     1.4 An approach to problem solving: a six-step method 15     1.5 Data collection, analysis, interpretation, and communication 18     Summary 38     Key words 40     References 40     Problems 41     2 Essential chemistry concepts 43  Richard O. Mines, Jr.     Learning Objectives 43     2.1 Introduction 43     2.2 Dimensions, units, and conversions 43     2.3 Balancing reactions 50     2.4 Oxidation-reduction reactions 52     2.5 Thermodynamic equilibrium 53     2.6 Acid-base chemistry 60     2.7 Solubility (solubility product) 82     2.8 Gas phase laws 84     2.9 Organic chemistry overview 89     Summary 95     Key words 99     References 99     Problems 99     3 Water and wastewater characteristics 103  Richard O. Mines, Jr.     Learning Objectives 103     3.1 Overview 103     3.2 Water quality parameters 103     3.3 Lumped parameter organic quantification 104     3.4 Physical parameters 110     3.5 Inorganic chemical parameters 116     3.6 Biological and microbiological characteristics 129     3.7 Sample water quality data 133     Summary 135     Key words 136     References 136     Problems 137     4 Essential biology concepts 139  Richard O. Mines, Jr.     Learning Objectives 139     4.1 Introduction to microbiological unit processes 139     4.2 Cell basics 140     4.3 Energy and synthesis (carbon and energy transformations) 140     4.4 Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics 149     4.5 Introduction to ecology 153     4.6 Primary productivity 155     4.7 Introduction to biochemical cycles 160     4.8 Population dynamics 169     4.9 River water quality management 178     4.10 Limnology 184     Summary 188     Key words 189     References 190     Problems 191     5 Environmental systems: modeling and reactor design 195  Richard O. Mines, Jr.     Learning Objectives 195     5.1 Introduction 195     5.2 Material balances 195     5.3 Reaction kinetics 202     5.4 Flow regimes and reactors 209     5.5 Energy balances 218     Summary 232     Key words 232     References 232     Problems 233     6 Design of water treatment systems 239  Richard O. Mines, Jr.     Learning Objectives 239     6.1 Drinking water standards 239     6.2 Overview of typical processes used for contaminant removal 245     6.3 Design flows and capacities 247     6.4 Preliminary treatment 249     6.5 Mixing, coagulation, and flocculation 258     6.6 Water softening 267     6.7 Sedimentation 276     6.8 Filtration 283     6.9 Membrane treatment 293     6.10 Fluoridation 303     6.11 Disinfection in water treatment 303     6.12 Residuals, solids, and quantities of sludge 310     Summary 322     Key words 324     References 324     Problems 325     7 Design of wastewater treatment systems 331  Richard O. Mines, Jr.     Learning Objectives 331     7.1 Wastewater standards 331     7.2 Design flows and loadings 333     7.3 Preliminary treatment 340     7.4 Primary sedimentation 345     7.5 Secondary wastewater treatment 348     7.6 Oxygen transfer and mixing 375     7.7 Attached-growth biological systems 381     7.8 Advanced biological treatment systems 388     7.9 Secondary clarification 401     7.10 Disinfection 408     7.11 Solids handling and treatment systems 411     Summary 434     Key words 435     References 436     Bibliography 438     Problems 438     8 Municipal solid waste management 449  Philip T. McCreanor     Learning Objectives 449     8.1 Introduction 449     8.2 Regulations 450     8.3 Waste generation     international perspectives 451     8.4 Waste generation in the United States 451     8.5 Waste composition 451     8.6 Properties of municipal solid waste 456     8.6.1 Specific weight () 456     8.6.2 Moisture content 457     8.6.3 Field capacity 458     8.7 Municipal landfill design 461     8.8 Case study    Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (NC), USA 473     Summary 475     Key words 476     References 476     Problems 476     9 Air pollution 479  Arthur B. Nunn, III     Learning Objectives 479     9.1 Principal air pollutants 479     9.2 Air pollution sources 481     9.3 Pollutant affects on humans and environment 484     9.4 Air pollution meteorology 488     9.5 Dispersion modeling 490     9.6 Air pollution control technologies 493     9.7 Indoor Air Pollution 514     Summary 514     Key words 515     References 515     Useful Websites 516     Problems 516     10 Environmental sustainability 519  John C. Little and Zhe Liu     Learning Objectives 519     10.1 Overview 519     10.2 Unsustainable earth 521     10.3 Addressing climate change 527     10.4 Addressing resource depletion and environmental degradation 541     Key words 550     References 550     Problems 551     11 Environmental public health 555  Peter Vikesland     Learning Objectives 555     11.1 Introduction 555     11.2 Toxicology 556     11.3 Epidemiology 567     11.4 Agents of infectious disease 578     11.5 Public health and engineering measures for control of disease 583     11.6 Emergent and reemergent infectious diseases 585     Summary 589     Key words 591     References 592     Problems 592     12 Hazardous waste management 595  John T. Novak and Paige J. Novak     Learning Objectives 595     12.1 Introduction 595     12.2 Common hazardous compounds and wastes 598     12.3 Physical and chemical characteristics 603     12.4 Remediation 608     Summary 612     Key words 612     References 612     Problems 613     The Periodic Table 615     Index 617