Environmental Endocrine Disruptors

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 11
Dedication/Acknowledgments......Page 14
Introduction......Page 15
EDCs and Hormone Production......Page 16
EDCs and Hormone Availability......Page 20
EDCs and Hormone Action......Page 22
EDCs and Hormone Excretion and Biotransformation......Page 26
Summary and Conclusions......Page 28
References......Page 29
Sex Steroids......Page 36
Glucocorticoids......Page 37
Mechanisms of Action......Page 38
Sex Steroids......Page 39
Glucocorticoids......Page 40
Alternative Mechanisms of Endocrine Disrupter Action......Page 41
Hormonal Axes......Page 42
Sex Steroids......Page 43
Ghicocorticoids......Page 46
Thyroid Hormones......Page 47
Interactions Between Hormonal Axes......Page 48
Interactions of Environmental Contaminants: Potential Mechanisms......Page 49
Exposure Routes......Page 50
Conclusion......Page 51
References......Page 52
Introduction......Page 64
Bioavailability......Page 65
Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration, and Biomagnification......Page 67
Storage in Adipose Tissue......Page 71
Storage of Lipophilic Contaminants......Page 75
Residue Concentrations......Page 76
Effects of Pollutants on Lipid Metabolism......Page 77
Biotransformation......Page 78
Fatty Acid Esters of Xenobiotic Alcohols......Page 79
Mobilization......Page 80
Footnotes......Page 84
References......Page 85
Introduction......Page 94
General Receptor Properties......Page 95
Membrane-Bound Steroid Receptors......Page 98
Receptor Interactions and Cross-Talk with Growth Factors......Page 99
Receptor Interactions and Cross-Talk with Thyroid Hormones......Page 100
Ah Receptors......Page 101
Positive EDC/Receptor Interactions—Agonism......Page 102
Negative EDC/Receptor Interactions—Antagonism......Page 105
Receptor Binding......Page 106
Binding Proteins and Test Conditions......Page 108
Receptor-Associated Proteins......Page 116
Receptor Dissociation and Degradation......Page 121
Heterodimers......Page 122
Age Specificity......Page 123
Tissue Specificity......Page 124
Species Differences......Page 125
Synergy......Page 126
Conclusion......Page 127
References......Page 128
Introduction......Page 138
Ecdysteroids......Page 140
Vertebrate-Type Sex Steroids......Page 141
Estrogens......Page 142
Androgens......Page 143
Steroid Hormone Receptors in Invertebrates......Page 144
Androgens......Page 145
Estrogens......Page 146
Progestogens......Page 147
Phylogenic Analysis of Steroid Hormone Utilization by Invertebrates......Page 148
Tributyltin......Page 150
4-Nonylphenol......Page 152
Triazine Herbicides......Page 153
Cadmium......Page 154
Organochlorine Pesticides......Page 155
Conclusions......Page 156
References......Page 157
Introduction......Page 166
Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis and Economy: Potential Sites of Impact of Environmental Thyroid Hormone-Disrupting Toxicants......Page 169
T3 and T4 Synthesis and Release......Page 170
Thyroid Hormone Transport in the Blood and Movement Between Body Compartments......Page 172
Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones......Page 173
Cellular Sites of Action of T3......Page 174
Principal Functions of the Thyroid Hormones Related to the Potential for Actions of Environmental Thyroid Hormone-Disrupting Toxicants......Page 175
Inhibition of Iodide Transport, Iodination of Thyroglobulin, and Coupling of Iodotyrosines......Page 177
Blood Proteins......Page 178
T3 receptor......Page 181
Altered Capacity to Synthesize T3 from T4......Page 182
Thyroid Tumors in Wildlife Specie as Indicators of Environmental Antithyroid Agents......Page 183
Summary and Conclusions......Page 184
References......Page 185
Introduction......Page 193
Nonspecific Immunity......Page 194
Specific Immunity......Page 195
Glucocorticoids......Page 196
Sex Steroids......Page 197
Neuroendocrine Hormones......Page 200
Mode of Action of Immunotoxic Contaminants......Page 201
Immunologic Biomarkers......Page 202
Immunologic Biomarkers in Oligochaete Biomarkers......Page 204
Immunologic Biomarkers in Mollusks......Page 205
Immunologic Biomarkers in Vertebrates......Page 207
Immunologic Biomarkers in Marine Mammals......Page 209
Discussion—Possibilities......Page 212
References......Page 213
Ethotoxicology......Page 227
The Hormonal Control of Brain and Behavioral Development......Page 228
What Is the Evidence for Effects of Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife and Human Populations?......Page 229
Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors: Evolutionary Conservation of Estrogen Receptors......Page 230
The Fragile Fetus: Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Fetal Development......Page 231
The House Mouse as a Model Animal for Studying Endocrine Disruptors......Page 232
Development of Sociosexual Behaviors and Accessory Reproductive Organs in Mice Prenatally Exposed to Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors......Page 233
Insecticides with Estrogenic Activity......Page 234
The Merging of Ethopharmacology and Ethotoxicology for Understanding the Neurochemical Effects of Endocrine Disruptors......Page 236
Summary......Page 238
References......Page 239
Introduction......Page 244
Estrogen Receptor Interactions......Page 245
Oncogene Expression......Page 248
Growth Factor Expression......Page 249
Steroidogenesis......Page 250
Polyovular Follicles......Page 251
Reduction of Fertilizability......Page 253
Oviducal Effects on Embryos......Page 254
Alterations of Decidual Reaction......Page 255
Complications of Pregnancy......Page 256
Mammary Gland Abnormalities......Page 257
Perinatal Effects of Phytoestrogens......Page 258
Perinatal Effects of Xenoestrogens......Page 260
Abnormalities in Skeletal Tissue and Muscle......Page 261
The Threat of Environmental Estrogens......Page 262
References......Page 263
Introduction......Page 278
Semen Quality......Page 279
Testicular Cancer......Page 282
Cryptorchidism......Page 285
Hypospadias......Page 289
Prostatic Diseases......Page 290
Conclusions......Page 291
References......Page 292
Introduction......Page 300
Cumulative Effect of Xenoestrogens......Page 301
Neoplasia......Page 302
Genetic Origin......Page 303
Epigenetic Origin......Page 304
Hormones as Mutagens......Page 305
Xenoestrogens and the Mutational Hypothesis......Page 306
Xenoestrogens and the Promotional Hypothesis......Page 307
Hormones as Teratogens......Page 308
“Spontaneous” Neoplasia of Estrogen-Target Organs in Animal Models......Page 310
Ovarian Hormones and Neoplasia......Page 311
Neoplasias in Animals Treated with Estrogenic Pesticides......Page 317
Pesticides and Breast Cancer......Page 318
Conclusions......Page 319
References......Page 322
Introduction......Page 331
Reproductive Rights......Page 332
The Right to a Healthy Pregnancy......Page 333
The Right to Expect Our Children to Have Healthy Bodies and Pregnancies......Page 335
Evaluating Risk......Page 339
The Future......Page 341
References......Page 344
INDEX......Page 348