Environmental Chemistry of Animal Manure

CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
ABOUT THE EDITOR......Page 10
PART I. ORGANIC MATTER CHARACTERIZATION......Page 12
1.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 14
1.2. THE PRINCIPLE OF ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS......Page 15
1.3. APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS  IN CHARACTERIZING NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER......Page 16
1.4. ANIMAL MANURE CHEMISTRY  BY ANALYTICAL PYROLYSIS......Page 17
1.5. CASE STUDY I: COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED  IN SELECTED ANIMAL MANURES FROM CONVENTIONAL  AND ORGANIC DAIRY FARMS BY PY-GC/MS......Page 20
1.6. CASE STUDY II: IMPACT OF TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM HYDROXIDE PRETREATMENT ON PYROLYSIS-GC/MS CHARACTERIZATION OF CHICKEN LITTER......Page 26
1.7. CONCLUSION......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 31
2.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 36
2.2.1. General Spectral Features......Page 37
2.2.3. Unique Characteristics of Animal Manure......Page 38
2.3. SPECTRAL FEATURES OF WATER EXTRACTABLE  ORGANIC MATTER (WEOM) IN ANIMAL MANURE......Page 42
2.4. SPECTRAL FEATURES OF HUMIC FRACTIONS  IN ANIMAL MANURE AND COMPOST......Page 44
2.5. FTIR ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC MATTER TRANSFORMATION DURING COMPOSTING......Page 46
2.7. INFRARED PHOTOACOUSTIC STUDY OF ANIMAL MANURE......Page 47
2.8. CONCLUSION......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 50
3.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 54
3.2. SOLID STATE C-13 NMR TECHNIQUES  AND STRUCTURAL INFORMATION OF ORGANIC MATTER......Page 55
3.3.2. Comparison of Chemical Structures of Transgenic and Conventional Pig Manures......Page 58
3.3.3. Changes of the Distribution of Carbon Functional Groups in Stabilized Manure Products......Page 59
3.4.2. Comparison of Spectral Features with Plant-derived WEOM......Page 62
3.5.1. Solid Fractions......Page 63
3.5.2. Colloidal Fractions......Page 64
3.6. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES  DERIVED FROM ANIMAL MANURE......Page 65
3.7. CONCLUSION......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 68
4.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 72
4.2. UV/VISIBLE SPECTRA OF MANURE FRACTIONS......Page 73
4.3.1. E2/E3 Ratio......Page 74
4.3.2. SUVA......Page 76
4.3.3. Absorptivity at 280 nm......Page 77
4.4.2. Measuring Conditions of E4/E6......Page 78
4.4.4. E4/E6 Ratio of Manure and Compost Fractions......Page 80
4.5.1. Spectral Slope......Page 81
4.5.2. Spectral Deconvolution......Page 82
4.6.1. Background......Page 83
4.6.3. Case Study II. SUVA at 254, 280 nm, Spectral Ratios of E2/E3, E4/E6, and Spectral Slopes (300 – 375 nm) of Poultry Litter-Amended Soil with Different Application Histories......Page 84
4.7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
5.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 94
5.2. FLUORESCENCE FEATURES  OF HUMIC FRACTIONS OF ANIMAL MANURE......Page 96
5.3. FLUORESCENCE FEATURES OF WATER EXTRACTABLE  ORGANIC MATTER OF ANIMAL MANURE......Page 98
5.4. PARAFAC OF FLUORESCENCE EEM SPECTRA......Page 99
5.5.2. Step 2: Inner-Filtration Effects......Page 102
5.5.3. Step 3: Obtaining the EEM Scan......Page 103
5.5.5. Step 5: Determining Proper Component Number......Page 104
5.5.6. Step 6. Details of the Selected PARAFAC Model......Page 106
5.6. CONCLUSION......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 111
PART II. NITROGEN AND VOLATILE COMPOUNDS......Page 116
6.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 118
6.2.1. Processes Responsible for Ammonia in Manure......Page 119
6.2.2. Ammonia Release Mechanisms......Page 125
6.3. AMMONIA EMISSION MITIGATION TECHNIQUES......Page 127
6.3.1. Reduction of N in Manure......Page 128
6.3.2.1. Urine-feces Segregation......Page 130
6.3.2.2. Urease Inhibitors......Page 131
6.3.2.3. Lowering Manure pH......Page 132
6.3.2.4. Ammonium Binding Agents......Page 134
6.3.2.5. Biological Treatments......Page 136
6.3.3. Building and Manure Managements......Page 138
6.3.4.1. Filters and Biofilters......Page 140
6.3.4.2. Impermeable and Permeable Covers......Page 143
6.3.4.3. Land Application......Page 146
6.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 150
7.1. MANURE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES......Page 164
7.2. ODOR SOURCES IN ANIMAL AGRICULTURE......Page 165
7.3. ODOR—DESCRIPTION, QUANTIFICATION, ANALYSIS......Page 167
7.4. ODOR CHEMISTRY......Page 169
7.4.3. Aromatic Compounds......Page 170
7.4.6. Other......Page 172
7.5. BIOCHEMICAL ORIGINS OF ODOR COMPOUNDS......Page 173
7.6.1. Diet Manipulation......Page 178
7.6.2. Microbial Metabolic Inhibitors......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 183
8.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 190
8.2. PROTEINACEOUS AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR MEASUREMENTS......Page 191
8.3. AMINO ACID DISTRIBUTION IN ANIMAL MANURE......Page 193
8.4. SELECTIVE AMINO COMPOUNDS IN ANIMAL MANURE......Page 198
8.5. AMINO ACIDS IN SOILS WITH  LONG-TERM MANURE APPLICATION......Page 199
8.6. SHORT-TERM IMPACTS OF MANURE APPLICATION  ON SOIL AMINO ACIDS......Page 203
8.7. CONCLUSION......Page 206
REFERENCES......Page 207
9.2. NITROGEN CONTENT OF ANIMAL MANURE......Page 212
9.2.1. Dairy Manure......Page 213
9.3.1.1. The Effect of C:N Ratio......Page 214
9.3.1.2. Predicting Potential N Mineralization......Page 216
9.3.2. Nitrification and Denitrification......Page 217
9.3.3. Ammonia Volatilization......Page 219
9.4.1. Laboratory Determinations......Page 220
9.4.2. Effects of Soil Properties and Environmental Variables  on N Availability......Page 221
9.4.3. Case Study......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 227
PART III. PHOSPHORUS FORMS AND LABILITY......Page 236
10.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 238
10.2.1. Methodology......Page 239
10.2.3. Effects of Manure Handling, Composting and Addition of P-binding Chemicals......Page 242
10.2.4. Dietary Manipulation Effects......Page 245
10.3. SINGLE EXTRACTIONS IN DILUTE ACID AND OTHER SOLUTIONS......Page 246
10.4. P FRACTIONATION BY SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTIONS......Page 248
10.4.1. Adaptations of the Hedley Sequential Procedure in Manure P Research......Page 250
10.4.2. Variations in P Fractions among Manure Types......Page 253
10.4.3. Effects of Manure Processing and Composting and Amendment with P-binding Chemicals......Page 254
10.5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 257
11.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 264
11.2.1. Forms of Po in Nature......Page 265
11.2.2. Phosphate-releasing Enzymes......Page 266
11.3. SOLUBLE INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS DETERMINATION......Page 267
11.4.1. Method Development......Page 268
11.4.2. Organic P in Dairy Manure, Poultry Litter and Biosolids......Page 272
11.5.2. Fe(III)-associated Labile P......Page 273
11.6.2. Fractionation of Manure Bioactive P Pools......Page 274
11.7.1. Aerobic Incubation......Page 275
11.8.1. On soils Amended with Poultry Litter......Page 278
11.8.2. On Soils Amended with Dairy Manure......Page 279
11.9. CONCLUSION......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 281
12.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 286
12.2.1. General Principles of NMR Spectroscopy......Page 287
12.2.2. Phosphorus Forms......Page 288
12.2.3.1. Sample Preparation......Page 292
12.2.3.2. Extractants and Extraction Length......Page 293
12.2.3.4. 31P-NMR Experimental Parameters......Page 295
12.2.3.5. Sample Processing and Peak Identification......Page 297
12.3.1. Studies Investigating Poultry......Page 302
12.3.2. Studies Investigating Beef and Dairy Cattle......Page 303
12.3.4. Studies Investigating Sheep and Deer......Page 304
12.4. FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 305
REFERENCES......Page 307
13.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 312
13.2.1. Principles of the Method......Page 313
13.2.2. Measurement of Phosphorus K-edge XANES Spectra......Page 314
13.2.3. Phosphorus Speciation in Manure Derived from  P K-edge XANES Analysis......Page 318
13.2.4. Future Prospects for Speciation Analysis of Manure P......Page 321
13.3.2. Phosphorus Speciation in Manure Derived from Solid State 31 P NMR Analysis......Page 325
13.3.3. Future Prospects of Solid State 31P NMR Spectroscopy  in Manure Characterization......Page 329
13.4. MAJOR LIMITATIONS OF THE TWO SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
14.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 336
14.3. SIMULATING MANURE APPLICATION TO SOILS......Page 337
14.4. SIMULATING MANURE PHOSPHORUS RELEASE  DURING A STORM......Page 340
14.6. SIMULATING MANURE AND PHOSPHORUS TRANSFORMATIONS WITH TIME AFTER APPLICATION......Page 344
14.6.1 Decomposition of Manure Organic Matter......Page 345
14.6.3. Manure P Transformations......Page 346
14.7. SIMULATING MANURE PHOSPHORUS PROCESSES  FOR GRAZING ANIMALS......Page 349
14.8. CONCLUSION......Page 350
REFERENCES......Page 351
15.2. AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM POULTRY LITTER......Page 360
15.3. PHOSPHORUS RUNOFF FROM POULTRY LITTER......Page 361
15.4. USING ALUM TO REDUCE PHOSPHORUS SOLUBILITY  AND RUNOFF FROM MANURE......Page 362
15.5. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALUM ON SOLUBLE P IN MANURE......Page 370
15.6. INCORPORATED ALUM-TREATMENT OF MANURE  INTO THE PHOSPHORUS INDEX......Page 371
15.7. EFFECTS OF ALUM ON AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM MANURE......Page 372
15.8. EFFECTS OF ALUM ON POULTRY PRODUCTION......Page 375
15.9. EFFECTS OF ALUM ADDITIONS ON PATHOGENS  AND MICROBIALLY-MEDIATED SOIL PROCESSES......Page 376
15.10. EFFECTS OF ALUM ON BACTERIA,  HEAVY METAL AND ESTROGEN RUNOFF FROM MANURE......Page 377
15.11. EFFECTS OF ALUM-TREATED MANURE  ON ALUMINUM AVAILABILITY IN SOILS......Page 378
15.12. EFFECTS OF ALUM-TREATED MANURE  ON SOIL QUALITY AND CROP PRODUCTION......Page 382
15.13. EFFECTS OF TREATING SWINE, DAIRY,  AND BEEF MANURE WITH ALUM......Page 383
15.14. CONCLUSION......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 386
PART IV. HEAVY ELEMENTS  AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS......Page 394
16.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 396
16.2. SOURCES OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN ANIMAL MANURES......Page 397
16.3. LEVELS OF TOTAL TRACE ELEMENTS IN ANIMAL MANURES......Page 401
16.4. EXTRACTABLE LEVELS OF TRACE ELEMENTS  IN ANIMAL MANURES......Page 408
16.5. TRACE ELEMENT ACCUMULATION IN SOIL  DUE TO ANIMAL MANURE APPLICATION......Page 409
16.6. IMPACT OF MANURE LAND APPLICATION  ON MICRONUTRIENT AVAILABILITY......Page 411
16.7. METHODS TO DECREASE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS  OF MANURE APPLICATION......Page 412
REFERENCES......Page 416
17.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 426
17.2.1. Biodegradation of Roxarsone in Poultry Litter Compost  and Swine Lagoon Systems......Page 427
17.2.2. Microbial Isolates Capable of Degrading Roxarsone......Page 428
17.3. TRANSPORT OF ARSENIC......Page 429
17.3.1. Case Study: The University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) Research Farm......Page 432
17.4. CONCLUSION......Page 434
REFERENCES......Page 435
18.1. INTRODUCTION......Page 438
18.2. MERCURY TOXICITY......Page 439
18.3. MERCURY IN MANURE......Page 440
18.4. IMPACTS OF LAND APPLIED MANURE ON SOIL MERCURY......Page 446
18.5. MERCURY SPECIATION AND EMISSION  FROM CO-COMBUSTION WITH COAL AND BROILER LITTER......Page 447
REFERENCES......Page 449
INDEX......Page 454