Environmental Chemistry in Society

Cover
Half Title
Periodic Table of the Elements
Environmental Chemistry in Society
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Authors
1. Background to the Environmental Problem
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Preagricultural Development
	1.3 Horticulture and Agriculture
	1.4 Development of Towns and Cities
	1.5 Industrial Revolution, Phase I (Approximately 1760–1860)
	1.6 Industrial Revolution, Phase II (Approximately 1860–1950)
	1.7 Science and the Scientific Method
	1.8 Science and Technology
	1.9 Science and the Environment
	1.10 Environment and Public Policy
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
2. The Natural Laws
	2.1 Matter
	2.2 Early Development of Chemistry
	2.3 Lavoisier and the Law of Conservation of Matter
	2.4 Disorder
	2.5 Work and Energy
	2.6 First Law of Thermodynamics
	2.7 Second Law of Thermodynamics
	2.8 Matter, Energy, and the Environment
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
3. Underlying Principles of Chemistry
	3.1 Atomic Theory
	3.2 The Periodic Law
	3.3 The Mole
	3.4 Symbols, Formulas, and Equations
	3.5 Chemical Bonding
		3.5.1 Ionic Bonding
		3.5.2 Covalent Bonding
		3.5.3 Polyatomic Ions
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
4. Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Reactions
	4.1 Acids and Bases
		4.1.1 Acids
		4.1.2 Bases
		4.1.3 Acid and Base Strength
		4.1.4 Neutralization
		4.1.5 The pH Scale
	4.2 Precipitation Reactions
	4.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
		4.3.1 The First Definition
		4.3.2 The Second Definition
		4.3.3 The Third Definition
			4.3.3.1 Oxidation–Reduction Summary
	4.4 Organic Chemistry
		4.4.1 Formulas and Structural Drawings in Organic Chemistry
		4.4.2 Hydrocarbons
		4.4.3 Organic Chemistry Including Other Elements
	4.5 Nuclear Chemistry
		4.5.1 Fundamentals of Nuclear Processes
		4.5.2 Nuclear Fission
		4.5.3 Nuclear Fusion
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
5. Element Cycles
	5.1 Compartments
	5.2 Carbon Cycle
	5.3 Oxygen Cycle
	5.4 Hydrogen Cycle
	5.5 Nitrogen Cycle
	5.6 Phosphorus Cycle
	5.7 Sulfur Cycle
	5.8 Other Cycles
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
6. Toxicology
	6.1 History of Toxicology
	6.2 Environmental Toxicology
	6.3 Toxicity Measurements
	6.4 Routes of Exposure
		6.4.1 Gastrointestinal Absorption
		6.4.2 Dermal Absorption
		6.4.3 Respiratory Inhalation
	6.5 Rates of Chemical Reactions, Catalysis, and Enzymes
	6.6 Classification of Toxins
		6.6.1 Respiratory Toxins
			6.6.1.1 Sulfur Dioxide
			6.6.1.2 Nitrogen Dioxide
			6.6.1.3 Ozone
			6.6.1.4 Particulates
		6.6.2 General Metabolic Toxins
			6.6.2.1 Carbon Monoxide
			6.6.2.2 Nitric Oxide
			6.6.2.3 Heavy Metals
			6.6.2.4 Mercury
			6.6.2.5 Lead
			6.6.2.6 Cadmium
			6.6.2.7 Arsenic
			6.6.2.8 Organochlorine Pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Dioxins
		6.6.3 Neurotoxins
		6.6.4 Endocrine Toxins
		6.6.5 Allergens
		6.6.6 Carcinogens
		6.6.7 Mutagens
		6.6.8 Teratogens
	6.7 Environmental Degradation of Toxins
	6.8 Environmental Movement of Toxins
		6.8.1 Carriers
		6.8.2 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
7. Traditional Energy Sources and Modern Society
	7.1 Energy Sources – An Overview
	7.2 Electricity
	7.3 Widely Used Energy Sources
		7.3.1 Fossil Fuels
			7.3.1.1 Oil
			7.3.1.2 Natural Gas
			7.3.1.3 Coal
		7.3.2 Water Power
	7.4 Nuclear Power
		7.4.1 History of Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Energy
		7.4.2 Nuclear Power Plant Design
		7.4.3 Nuclear Fuel Cycle
		7.4.4 Nuclear Safety
		7.4.5 Nuclear Fusion
	7.5 Biomass
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
8. Emerging Energy Sources and Modern Society
	8.1 Solar Energy
		8.1.1 Passive Collection of Solar Energy
		8.1.2 Active Collection of Solar Energy as Heat
		8.1.3 Collection of Solar Energy as Electricity
	8.2 Wind Energy
	8.3 Geothermal Energy
	8.4 Hydrogen as Fuel
	8.5 Energy Conservation
		8.5.1 Home, Apartment, or Room
		8.5.2 Vehicles
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
9. Weather and Climate
	9.1 Atmosphere: Composition, Structure, and Dynamics
		9.1.1 Composition
		9.1.2 Structure and Dynamics
			9.1.2.1 Troposphere
			9.1.2.2 Stratosphere
			9.1.2.3 Mesosphere
			9.1.2.4 Thermosphere
	9.2 Water Cycle
	9.3 Weather
		9.3.1 Angle of the Sun’s Radiation
		9.3.2 Ocean Effects
		9.3.3 Uneven Absorption of the Sun’s Radiation
		9.3.4 Clouds as Blankets
		9.3.5 Vertical Mixing of the Atmosphere
		9.3.6 Global Air Circulation
		9.3.7 Jet Streams
		9.3.8 Low-Pressure Cells and Cyclonic Storms
		9.3.9 Weather Fronts
		9.3.10 Seasonal Winds (Monsoon Winds)
		9.3.11 Air Inversions
	9.4 Climate
		9.4.1 History of the Earth’s Climate
		9.4.2 External Factors Affecting the Earth’s Climate
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
10. Air Quality
	10.1 History of the Problem
	10.2 Classical Air Pollution
	10.3 Industrial Smog
	10.4 Photochemical Smog
	10.5 Regionalization of Air Quality Problems
		10.5.1 Ozone (O[sub(3)])
		10.5.2 Acid Rain
		10.5.3 Effects of Acid Deposition
			10.5.3.1 Effects on Structures
			10.5.3.2 Effects on Lakes
			10.5.3.3 Effects on Vegetation
			10.5.3.4 Effects on Human Health
	10.6 Air Pollution and the Law
	10.7 Pollution Reduction
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
11. Indoor Air Quality
	11.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
	11.2 Some Background on Indoor Air Quality
	11.3 Classification of Indoor Air Contaminants
		11.3.1 Respiratory Gases (CO[sub(2)], H[sub(2)]O)
		11.3.2 Combustion Products
			11.3.2.1 Kerosene Space Heaters (CO, NO, NO[sub(2)], CO[sub(2)], H[sub(2)]O)
			11.3.2.2 Gas Heaters and Ranges (CO[sub(2)], H[sub(2)]O, NO, NO[sub(2)])
			11.3.2.3 Furnaces
			11.3.2.4 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (CO, CO[sub(2)], NO, NO[sub(2)], Other Vapors, Many Particulates)
			11.3.2.5 Candles and Incense (Particulate Matter, Lead, Benzene, et al.)
		11.3.3 Volatiles
			11.3.3.1 Building Construction Materials and Interior Furnishings
			11.3.3.2 Household Pesticides
			11.3.3.3 Appliances, Office Equipment, and Supplies
		11.3.4 Non- Combustion-Related Particulates
		11.3.5 Odors
		11.3.6 Radioactive Substances
			11.3.6.1 Radon Gas, the Main Source of Radioactive Material in Air
			11.3.6.2 Health Hazards of Radon Gas
	11.4 Remedies for Indoor Air Contamination
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
12. Global Atmospheric Change
	12.1 Gases as Insulators: Greenhouse Effect
	12.2 Global Warming: Concept
		12.2.1 Carbon Dioxide
		12.2.2 Methane
		12.2.3 Chlorofluorocarbons
		12.2.4 Nitrous Oxide
	12.3 Is Global Warming Important?
	12.4 Global Warming: Effects
	12.5 International Agreements on Global Warming
	12.6 Chemistry of the Stratosphere: The Ozone Layer
	12.7 Importance of the Ozone Layer
	12.8 Ozone Depletion and Chlorofluorocarbons
	12.9 National and International Response to Ozone Depletion
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
13. Water
	13.1 Physical Properties of Water
	13.2 Water and Life
	13.3 Locations of Water
		13.3.1 Oceans
		13.3.2 Ice Caps, Glaciers, and Snow
		13.3.3 Groundwater
		13.3.4 Lakes and Ponds
		13.3.5 Soil Moisture
		13.3.6 Rivers and Streams
		13.3.7 The Atmosphere
	13.4 Types of Water Use
	13.5 Freshwater Shortages
	13.6 Problems from Overuse of Groundwater
		13.6.1 Aquifer Depletion
		13.6.2 Subsidence
		13.6.3 Saltwater Intrusion
	13.7 Water Shortage Solutions
		13.7.1 Desalination
		13.7.2 Moving Water: Canals and Aqueducts
		13.7.3 Water Conservation
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
14. Water Quality
	14.1 Nature and Sources of Water Pollution
	14.2 Types of Water Pollutants
		14.2.1 Disease-Causing (Pathogenic) Agents
		14.2.2 Organic Materials
		14.2.3 Plant Nutrients
		14.2.4 Ordinary Salt (Salinity)
		14.2.5 Heavy Metals and Sediment
			14.2.5.1 Mercury
			14.2.5.2 Lead
			14.2.5.3 Cadmium
			14.2.5.4 Acids
			14.2.5.5 Sediment
	14.3 Pollution of Surface Water
		14.3.1 Industrial and Mining Sources
		14.3.2 Domestic Sources
		14.3.3 Agricultural Sources
	14.4 Pollution of the Oceans
	14.5 Pollution of Groundwater
		14.5.1 Natural Processes
		14.5.2 Waste Disposal
		14.5.3 Miscellaneous Contamination
			14.5.3.1 Solid Waste Disposal Sites
			14.5.3.2 Underground Storage Tanks
			14.5.3.3 Wells
			14.5.3.4 Agricultural Chemicals
			14.5.3.5 Mining
			14.5.3.6 Highway Salt
			14.5.3.7 Saltwater Intrusion
			14.5.3.8 Accidental Spills
	14.6 Water Quality Control
		14.6.1 Human Wastes
			14.6.1.1 Onsite Disposal
			14.6.1.2 Centralized Treatment
		14.6.2 Industrial Wastes
		14.6.3 Wastewater Treatment Sludge
		14.6.4 Source Reduction
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
15. Solid Wastes
	15.1 Sources of Solid Wastes
	15.2 Composition of Domestic Solid Waste
	15.3 Solid Waste Disposition
		15.3.1 Land Disposal
		15.3.2 Incineration
		15.3.3 Recycling
			15.3.3.1 Paper
			15.3.3.2 Glass
			15.3.3.3 Metals
			15.3.3.4 Plastics
			15.3.3.5 Compost Material
		15.3.4 Reuse
		15.3.5 No Use
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
16. Hazardous Wastes
	16.1 What Are Hazardous Wastes?
	16.2 Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come From?
	16.3 Historical and Traditional Approaches to Hazardous Waste Disposal
		16.3.1 Land Spreading
		16.3.2 Illegal Disposal
	16.4 Current Practices in Hazardous Waste Management
		16.4.1 Waste Reduction or Elimination
		16.4.2 Waste Treatment
			16.4.2.1 Physical Treatment
			16.4.2.2 Chemical Treatment
			16.4.2.3 Biological Treatment (Bioremediation)
		16.4.3 Incineration
		16.4.4 Exportation
		16.4.5 Deep Well Injection
		16.4.6 Landfilling
		16.4.7 Permanent Storage
	16.5 Special Considerations for Radioactive Wastes
		16.5.1 Classification of Radioactive Wastes
		16.5.2 Current Waste Management Practices for Radioactive Wastes
	Discussion Questions
	Learning Outcomes
	Group Work
	Bibliography
17. Epilogue
Bibliography
Glossary
Index