Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth

Preface
Introduction
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Cyanobacterial Solutions for Climate-Resilient Agriculture and Global Food Security
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Climate Change and Food Security
	1.3 Climate Change Impacts on Crop Yields and Nutritional Quality
	1.4 Altered Pest and Disease Dynamics in a Changing Climate
	1.5 Changing Rainfall Patterns and Water Scarcity in Agriculture
	1.6 Nitrogen Fixing Cyanobacteria
		1.6.1 Role of Nitrogen in Plant Growth and Soil Fertility
		1.6.2 Cyanobacteria and Their Nitrogen-Fixing Abilities
	1.7 Cyanobacteria: Biology and Ecology
		1.7.1 Ecological Importance of Cyanobacteria in Various Ecosystems
	1.8 Nitrogen Fixing Cyanobacteria as Potential Agricultural Allies
	1.9 Mechanisms of Nitrogen Fixation by Cyanobacteria
		1.9.1 Enhancement of Soil Nitrogen Content and Plant Nutrient Uptake
		1.9.2 Alleviating Nitrogen Fertilizer Dependency and Environmental Concerns
	1.10 Cyanobacteria-Mediated Climate Resilience
		1.10.1 Cyanobacterial Contributions to Soil Structure and Moisture Retention
		1.10.2 Alleviating Drought Stress and Enhancing Crop Tolerance to Climate Extremes
	1.11 Case Studies and Field Applications
		1.11.1 Successful Implementation of Cyanobacteria in Different Crop Systems
		1.11.2 Comparative Analysis of Crop Yields and Nutritional Quality
	1.12 Challenges and Considerations
		1.12.1 Ecological Impact and Potential Risks of Cyanobacteria Application
		1.12.2 Ethical and Societal Concerns Surrounding Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
	1.13 Technological Approaches for Cyanobacteria Application
		1.13.1 Cultivation and Harvesting Techniques
		1.13.2 Genetic Engineering for Enhanced Nitrogen Fixation
		1.13.3 Integration of Cyanobacteria into Different Agricultural Systems
	1.14 Future Prospects and Research Directions
		1.14.1 Developing Strains of Cyanobacteria Tailored for Specific Crops and Environments
		1.14.2 Integration of Cyanobacterial Nitrogen Fixation into Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices
	1.15 Conclusion
	References
2 Harnessing Cyanobacteria: Nitrogen Fixation and Its Impact on Climate and Plant Growth
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Cyanobacteria and Nitrogen Fixation
	2.3 Climate Impact
	2.4 Carbon Sequestration Potential
	2.5 Influence on Greenhouse Gas Regulation
	2.6 Climate Change Mitigation Through Cyanobacterial Activities
	2.7 Nitrogen as a Growth-Limiting Factor
	2.8 Applications in Agriculture
	2.9 Challenges and Future Directions
	2.10 Environmental and Ethical Considerations
	2.11 Conclusion
	References
3 Solar-Powered N2-Fixing Cyanobacteria for Bio-Nitrogen Fertilizer Production and Soil Health Improvement: A Sustainable Farming Approach
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Importance of Nitrogen in Agriculture
	3.3 Overview of the Nitrogen Cycle and Its Significance for Soil Health
	3.4 Nitrogen’s Role in Plant Growth
	3.5 The Steps of the Nitrogen Cycle
		3.5.1 Nitrogen Fixation
		3.5.2 Nitrification
		3.5.3 Assimilation
		3.5.4 Ammonification
		3.5.5 Denitrification
	3.6 Enhancing Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Mitigating Environmental Impacts in Agriculture: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Directions
	3.7 Challenges Associated with Conventional Nitrogen Fertilizers and the Need for Sustainable Alternatives
	3.8 Cyanobacteria: Nature’s Nitrogen Fixers
		3.8.1 Overview of the Mechanisms of Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria
		3.8.2 The Ecological Importance of Cyanobacterial Nitrogen Fixation in Natural Ecosystems
	3.9 Solar-Powered N2-Fixing Cyanobacteria: Mechanisms and Applications
		3.9.1 Solar-Powered Bio-Nitrogen Fertilizer Production Using Cyanobacteria
	3.10 Factors Influencing the Efficiency and Scalability of Bio-Nitrogen Fertilizer Production
		3.10.1 Cyanobacterial Strain Selection
		3.10.2 Environmental Conditions
		3.10.3 Nutrient Availability and Composition
		3.10.4 Cultivation Systems and Scale-Up
		3.10.5 Carbon Source and Energy Input
		3.10.6 Process Optimization and Bioreactor Engineering
		3.10.7 Economic Viability and Market Acceptance
	3.11 Bio-Nitrogen Fertilizer Production Using Cyanobacteria
		3.11.1 Factors Influencing the Efficiency and Scalability of Bio-Nitrogen Fertilizer Production
	3.12 Impact on Soil Health and Agricultural Sustainability
		3.12.1 Impact of Cyanobacteria-Based Bio-Nitrogen Fertilizers on Soil Health and Fertility
	3.13 Potential Benefits of Using Bio-Nitrogen Fertilizers for Soil Carbon Sequestration and Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
	3.14 Comparison with Conventional Nitrogen Fertilizers in Terms of Environmental Sustainability and Agricultural Productivity
	3.15 Environmental Sustainability
		3.15.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		3.15.2 Soil Health
		3.15.3 Nutrient Availability
		3.15.4 Yield and Crop Quality
	3.16 Challenges and Limitations Associated with the Widespread Adoption of Solar-Powered N2-Fixing Cyanobacteria in Agriculture
		3.16.1 Ongoing Research Efforts and Technological Advancements Aimed at Overcoming These Challenges
	3.17 Conclusion
	References
4 Mitigating Adverse Effects of Salinity Through Foliar Application of Biostimulants
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Salinity
	4.3 Biostimulants
	4.4 Main Categories of Plant Biostimulants
		4.4.1 Humic Substances
		4.4.2 Seaweeds
		4.4.3 Microbial Inoculants
		4.4.4 Chitosan
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Plant Growth Under Extreme Climatic Conditions
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Heat Stress
		5.2.1 Effects of Heat Stress on Crops
		5.2.2 Effects on Crop Physiology
		5.2.3 Effects on Crop Biochemistry
		5.2.4 Heat Tolerance Mechanism in Plants
	5.3 Cold Stress
		5.3.1 Sensitivity to Cold During the Reproductive Phase
		5.3.2 Effects on Plants Growth and Productivity
		5.3.3 Effects on Physiological Activities of Plants
		5.3.4 Cold Stress Tolerance in Plants
	5.4 Tropical Cyclones
		5.4.1 Effects of Cyclones on Plants
		5.4.2 Effects of Cyclones on Agriculture
		5.4.3 Characteristics of a Cyclone Resistant Tree
	5.5 Drought Stress
		5.5.1 Effects of Drought Stress on Plants
		5.5.2 Physiological and Biochemical Responses to Drought Stress
	5.6 Flooding Stress
		5.6.1 Plant Responses to Flooding Stress
	5.7 Strategies Adopted by Plants to Combat Climate Change Induced Abiotic Stress
		5.7.1 Agronomic Practices
		5.7.2 Breeding Techniques and Genomics
		5.7.3 Phytohormones
		5.7.4 Osmolytes
		5.7.5 Heat Shock Proteins
		5.7.6 Antioxidative Metabolism
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
6 Impact of Invasive Alien Plants and Heavy Metals Contamination on Crops: A Review
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Background
		6.1.2 Importance of Studying Their Combined Impact on Crops
	6.2 Individual Effects of Invasive Alien Plants and Heavy Metal Contamination in the Soil
		6.2.1 Invasive Alien Plants and Their Mechanism to Compete with Crops
		6.2.2 Allelopathic Effects on Crop Germination, Growth, and Reproduction
		6.2.3 Disruption of Ecosystem Balance and Biodiversity
	6.3 Sources and Pathways of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils
		6.3.1 Uptake and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Crops
		6.3.2 Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Crops to Heavy Metal Stress
	6.4 Combined Impact of Invasive Alien Plant and Heavy Metal Contamination in the Soil
		6.4.1 Interaction Between Invasive Plants and Heavy Metals on Crop Physiology
		6.4.2 Cumulative Impact on Soil Structure, Nutrient Cycling, and Water Availability
	6.5 Mitigation Strategies
		6.5.1 Cultural Practices to Manage Invasive Plants
		6.5.2 Soil Amendments and Phytoremediation for Heavy Metal Detoxification
		6.5.3 Policy and Regulation to Control the Spread of Invasive Species
		6.5.4 Monitoring and Controlling Industrial Activities Contributing to Heavy Metal Pollution
		6.5.5 Integrated Management Approaches
	6.6 Future Perspectives
	6.7 Research Gaps and Areas Needing Further Investigation
	6.8 Emerging Technologies and Innovative Approaches for Sustainable Crop Production in the Presence of Invasive Plants and Heavy Metals
	6.9 Conclusion
	References
7 Role of Plants in Restoring Degraded Ecosystems to Improve Biodiversity in Alula Region—Saudi Arabia
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 History
		7.1.2 Topography and Climate
		7.1.3 Temperature
		7.1.4 Rainfall
		7.1.5 Relative Humidity
		7.1.6 Sun Hours
		7.1.7 Archaeological Excavation of AlUla
		7.1.8 Soil Types and Landforms/Habitats
		7.1.9 Oasis (Wadis): Agriculture Valley
	7.2 Plants for Rehabilitation/Restoration and Landscaping the Degraded Habitats
	7.3 Future Development Plans: The Vision of the Royal Commission for AlUla
	7.4 Recommendations/Need for Conservation of Natural Plant Wealth
	7.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
8 Plant–Soil Interactions and Nutrient Cycling Dynamics in Tropical Rainforests
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Importance of Tropical Rainforests
	8.3 The Soil of Tropical Rainforests
		8.3.1 Diversity of Tropical Rainforest Soils
	8.4 Distribution of Soil Microbes in Tropical Rainforests
		8.4.1 Microbial Activities in Soil Formation
	8.5 The Plants of Tropical Rainforest
		8.5.1 Plant–Soil Interaction in Tropical Rainforests
		8.5.2 Plant–Microbe Interaction: Perspective and Mechanism
	8.6 Nutrients Cycling in Tropical Rainforests
		8.6.1 Carbon Cycle in Tropical Rainforests
		8.6.2 Oxygen Cycle in Tropical Rainforests
		8.6.3 Hydrological Cycle in Tropical Rainforests
		8.6.4 Nitrogen Cycle in Tropical Rainforests
		8.6.5 Phosphorus Cycle in Tropical Rainforests
		8.6.6 Sulphur Cycle in Tropical Rainforests
		8.6.7 Role of Microbial Communities in Nutrient Cycling
		8.6.8 Plant–Soil Interaction Affects Nutrient Cycling
	8.7 Effects of Pedogenesis on Biological C, N, and P Cycles in Tropical Rainforests
		8.7.1 Changes in Soil Nutrient Availability to Plants and Microorganisms
		8.7.2 Nutrient Demand for Plant Biomass Production
		8.7.3 Tropical Rainforest Nutrient Deficiency
		8.7.4 Microbial Responses in Tropical Rainforests to Nutrient Deficits Soils
	8.8 Plant–Soil Feedback and Edaphic Niche Differentiation in Tropical Rainforests
	8.9 Anthropogenic Activities Adversely Affect Tropical Rainforests
	8.10 Mitigating Strategies for Tropical Rainforest Problems
	8.11 Conclusions
	References
9 Climate Change and Food Security
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security
		9.2.1 Disruptions to Food Production and Supply Chains
		9.2.2 The Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Agricultural Production and Fisheries
		9.2.3 Damage to Transportation and Storage Infrastructure
		9.2.4 Shifts in Pests and Diseases Affecting Agriculture
	9.3 Reduced Food Access and Affordability
	9.4 Rising Food Prices Due to Production Shortfalls
	9.5 Impacts on Livelihoods and Incomes of Vulnerable Populations
	9.6 Threats to Food Safety and Nutrition
	9.7 Contamination and Spoilage of Food Supplies
	9.8 Reduced Nutrient Content of Crops
	9.9 Disproportionate Impacts on Vulnerable Populations
	9.10 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
		9.10.1 Climate Smart Agriculture Practices
		9.10.2 Strengthening Resilience of Food Systems and Livelihoods
		9.10.3 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Food Production
		9.10.4 Integrating Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation into Development
	9.11 Conclusion
	References
10 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
	10.1 Introduction to Climate Change
	10.2 Climate Change and Agriculture
	10.3 Impact of Temperature Change on Crop Production
	10.4 Current Climate Trends Affecting Agriculture
	10.5 Extreme Weather Events and Their Impact on Farming Practices
	10.6 Shifts in Pest and Diseases: Challenges for Crop Management
	10.7 Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
11 Coupling Environmental Factors and Climate Change: Impacts on Plants and Vegetation Growth Patterns in Ecologically Sensitive Regions
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Background and Rationale
	11.2 Temperature Extremes and Plant Responses
		11.2.1 Impact of Altered Precipitation on Plant Physiology
		11.2.2 Extreme Weather Events and Their Consequences
	11.3 Biodiversity Dynamics
		11.3.1 Species Composition and Distribution Changes
		11.3.2 Adaptation Mechanisms of Plant Species
		11.3.3 Ecological Implications for Biodiversity Conservation
	11.4 Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change Mitigation
	11.5 Identification of Resilient Plant Species and Ecosystems
		11.5.1 Key Characteristics of Resilient Plant Species
		11.5.2 Mechanisms of Resilience in Plant Species
		11.5.3 Resilient Ecosystems
	11.6 Modeling Future Scenarios
		11.6.1 Climate Modeling Techniques
		11.6.2 Fundamentals of Climate Modeling Techniques
		11.6.3 Advanced Techniques in Climate Modeling
		11.6.4 Projected Scenarios for Plant and Vegetation Growth
		11.6.5 Uncertainties and Limitations in Modeling
		11.6.6 Scenario Uncertainty
	11.7 Implications for Ecosystem Services
		11.7.1 Soil Infertility and Nutrition Cycling
		11.7.2 Water Retention and Availability
		11.7.3 Support for Wildlife Habitats
	11.8 Conclusions
	11.9 Future Perspectives
	References
12 The Crucial Role of Literature in Recognizing Climate Change as an Urgent Reality: A Case Study of Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Literature Review
	12.3 Study Area
	12.4 Research Methodology
	12.5 Role of Literature in Addressing Climate Issues
		12.5.1 Floods and the Role of Literature
		12.5.2 Water Scarcity and the Role of Literature
		12.5.3 Pollution and the Role of Literature
		12.5.4 Rising Temperature
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
13 Carbon Nanotubes in Environmental Remediation: Soil and Water Applications
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Classification of Carbon Nanotubes
	13.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
	13.4 Characterization Techniques of CNTs
	13.5 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
	13.6 CNTs Applications for Remediation of Polluted Water
	13.7 Significance of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Remediation of Soil Pollution
	13.8 Impact of CNTs on Plant Growth: Benefits and Risks
	13.9 Conclusion
	References
14 Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria and Soil Enrichment for a Greener Future
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria: An Overview
	14.3 Nitrogen Cycle and Soil Fertility
	14.4 Agricultural Applications
	14.5 Environmental Benefits
	14.6 Biotechnological Approaches
	14.7 Case Studies
	14.8 Environmental Impact and Concerns
	14.9 Future Directions and Innovations
	14.10 Ethical Considerations
		14.10.1 Environmental Impact and Unintended Consequences
		14.10.2 Genetic Engineering and Ecological Compatibility
		14.10.3 Ecosystem Integrity and Biodiversity
		14.10.4 Public Perception and Engagement
		14.10.5 Equity and Access
		14.10.6 Biosecurity and Regulatory Oversight
		14.10.7 Long-Term Monitoring and Adaptive Management
		14.10.8 Cultural and Ethical Perspectives
		14.10.9 Education and Capacity Building
		14.10.10 International Collaboration and Responsible Innovation
	14.11 Conclusion
	14.12 Future Directions and Way Forward
		14.12.1 Advancements in Genetic and Metabolic Engineering
		14.12.2 Integration of Synthetic Biology Approaches
		14.12.3 Smart Agriculture and Precision Farming
		14.12.4 Biofertilizer Development and Commercialization
		14.12.5 Scaling Up Bioenergy Production
		14.12.6 Remote Sensing Technologies for Monitoring
		14.12.7 Addressing Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
		14.12.8 Public Engagement and Education
		14.12.9 Ethical Considerations and Responsible Innovation
		14.12.10 Integration of Environmental and Ethical Considerations
	References
15 The Green Revolution: Promoting Environmental Stewardship and Plant Growth
	15.1 Introduction
		15.1.1 Overview of the Green Revolution
		15.1.2 Plant Technologies of the GR
		15.1.3 Influences of the GR
		15.1.4 Criticism of the Green Revolution
	15.2 Importance of Environmental Stewardship in Agriculture
		15.2.1 Preservation of Biodiversity
		15.2.2 Conservation of Water
		15.2.3 Reduction of Pollution
		15.2.4 Enhancement of Soil Health
		15.2.5 Economic Benefits
	15.3 Focusing on Plant Health to Attain Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
	15.4 Pests and Diseases: A Genuine Threat to Plant Health
	15.5 Crop Breeding to Enhance the Health of the Plant
	15.6 Crop Divergence for Sustainability
	15.7 Historical Context
		15.7.1 Origins and Development of the Green Revolution
	15.8 Counseling Group on International Agricultural Research
		15.8.1 High-Yielding Varieties
		15.8.2 Concerns About Food Security
		15.8.3 Food Security
		15.8.4 Famine
		15.8.5 Quality of Diet
		15.8.6 Political Impact
		15.8.7 Biodiversity
		15.8.8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		15.8.9 Dependence on Non-renewable Resources
		15.8.10 Key Figures and Institutions Involved
	15.9 Impacts on Agricultural Practices and Food Production
		15.9.1 Pests and Pesticide
		15.9.2 Water Consumption
		15.9.3 Impacts on Soil and Crop Production
	15.10 Innovations in Plant Breeding
		15.10.1 Transitioning from the GR to the Gene Revolution
	15.11 Introduction of High-Yielding Crop Varieties
		15.11.1 Hybridization Techniques and Genetic Modifications
	15.12 Transforming Agriculture: Modern Farming Techniques and Technologies
		15.12.1 Environmental Impacts
	15.13 Sustainable Agriculture Approaches
		15.13.1 Transitioning Towards Eco-friendly Farming Methods
		15.13.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture
		15.13.3 Organic Farming
		15.13.4 Biodynamic Agriculture
		15.13.5 Sustainable Intensification
		15.13.6 Regenerative Agriculture
		15.13.7 Novel Practices for Sustainable Agriculture
		15.13.8 Integrated Farming (IFS)
		15.13.9 Precision Farming
		15.13.10 Agroforestry
	15.14 Conclusion
	References
16 Climate Resilience: Strategies for Enhancing Plant and Vegetation Growth
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Soil Management for Climate Resilience
		16.2.1 Importance of Soil Health for Plant Growth
	16.3 Water Conservation and Management
		16.3.1 Efficient Irrigation Systems
		16.3.2 Rainwater Harvesting System
	16.4 Breeding Strategies for Climate-Resilient Crops
		16.4.1 Conventional Breeding Techniques
		16.4.2 Molecular Breeding Techniques
		16.4.3 Genomic and Transgenic Approaches
	16.5 Enhancing Abiotic Stress
		16.5.1 Drought Tolerance
		16.5.2 Heat and Cold Tolerance
		16.5.3 Salinity and Flood Tolerance
	16.6 Managing Biotic Stresses
		16.6.1 Disease Resistance
		16.6.2 Pest Resistance
	16.7 Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies
		16.7.1 Modelling Approaches Toward CSA
		16.7.2 Crop Modelling Applications
		16.7.3 Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Techniques in Crop Modelling
		16.7.4 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
	16.8 Future Perspectives and Challenges
		16.8.1 Integration of Multiple Traits
		16.8.2 Harnessing Big Data and Digital Agriculture
		16.8.3 Socioeconomic
		16.8.4 Regulatory Framework and Biosafety
	16.9 Conclusion
	References
17 Influence of Environmental Factors on Plant Diversity and Distribution in the Kashmir, Western Himalaya
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Materials and Methods
		17.2.1 Study Area
		17.2.2 Vegetation Sampling and Data Collection
		17.2.3 Soil Analysis
	17.3 Results
		17.3.1 Vegetation Composition and Distribution of Plant Species
		17.3.2 Biological Spectrum
		17.3.3 Associated Flora of the Study Area
		17.3.4 Phytosociological Attributes of the Plant Communities
		17.3.5 Soil Mechanical and Physico-Chemical Factors
		17.3.6 Multivariate Analysis
	17.4 Discussion
	17.5 Conclusion
	References
18 Assessment of Long-Term Climate Change Impact on Alpine Vegetation of Western Himalaya
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Materials and Methods
		18.2.1 Study Area
		18.2.2 Sampling Methodology
		18.2.3 Data Analysis
		18.2.4 Disturbance Indicators
	18.3 Results and Discussion
		18.3.1 Floristic Composition
		18.3.2 Associated Flora
		18.3.3 Biological Spectrum
		18.3.4 Phytosociological Attributes of Communities
		18.3.5 Multivariate Ordination Analysis
		18.3.6 Threats to Alpine Floral Diversity
		18.3.7 Species Upward Migration Due to Climate Change
		18.3.8 Future Conservation Strategies
	18.4 Conclusion
	References
19 Innovative Approaches to Chili Crop Cultivation: A Comprehensive Review of Enclosed Growing Designs
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Objectives
	19.2 Materials and Methods
		19.2.1 Data Analysis
		19.2.2 Gap
	19.3 Results and Discussion
		19.3.1 Treatment Groups
		19.3.2 Hazardous Environmental Factor
		19.3.3 Effect of Diverse Enclosed Growing on Chili Growth
		19.3.4 Effect of Diverse Enclosed Growing on Chili Yield
		19.3.5 Effect of Diverse Enclosed Growing on Chili Quality
	19.4 Conclusion
	References
20 Sustainable Solutions: Nurturing Plant Growth in a Changing Climate
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Causes of Climate Change
		20.2.1 Drought as a Climatic Stress
		20.2.2 Effects of Drought and Heat on Plant, Both Directly and Indirectly
	20.3 Plants’ Phonological Adaptability to Climate Change
		20.3.1 Impact of Drought on Growth of Crop
		20.3.2 Temperature\'s Effects on Plant Growth
		20.3.3 Drought\'s Impact on Crop Production
		20.3.4 Temperature\'s Impact on Crop Production
		20.3.5 Drought’s Effects on Water and Nutrient Interactions
		20.3.6 Heat Stress
		20.3.7 Effect of Drought on Photosynthetic Pigments
		20.3.8 Effect of Temperature on Photosynthetic Pigments
		20.3.9 Effect of Drought on the Photosynthetic Process
		20.3.10 Effect of Temperature on Assimilate Partitioning
		20.3.11 Plant Adaptations to Severe Climate Changes
	20.4 Numerous Limiting Factors for Plant Growth and Development
		20.4.1 Effects on the Physiological and Morpho-biochemical Systems of Plants
	20.5 Plant Hormone Responses in Abiotic Stresses
	20.6 Sustainable Solutions to Combat Climate Changes
		20.6.1 Strategies in Genetics and Genomics
		20.6.2 Genome Editing Strategies
	20.7 Conclusion
	References
21 Cereal Crops in the Era of Climate Change: An Overview
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Cereals Production
	21.3 General Impacts of Climate Change on Cereals
	21.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential from Multiple Crops
	21.5 Strategies to Combat Climate Change and Increase Crop Yield
		21.5.1 Role of Conventional Breeding Techniques
		21.5.2 Modern Molecular Techniques and Genomic Approaches
		21.5.3 Agronomic Best Management (ABM) Approaches
		21.5.4 Cultivation of More Climate-Resilient Cereal Crops
		21.5.5 Policy Recommendations and Support for Farmers
	21.6 Potential Challenges and Future Perspectives
	21.7 Conclusion
	References