Entropy Principle for the Development of Complex Biotic Systems: Organisms, Ecosystems, the Earth

Front Cover......Page 1
Entropy Principle for the Development of Complex Biotic Systems......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
1.1 Thermodynamics......Page 12
1.1.1 Entropy Law......Page 13
1.1.2 Entropy Production: Quantifiability in Living Systems......Page 14
1.1.3 Maxwell’s Demon......Page 16
2.1 Broad Leaves (Aoki, 1987a)......Page 18
2.1.1 Entropies Associated with Shortwave Solar Radiation......Page 19
2.1.2 Entropies Associated with IR Radiation......Page 21
2.1.4 Entropy Flow due to Mass-Flow Associated with Photosynthesis......Page 23
2.1.5 Net Entropy Flow and Entropy Production......Page 24
2.1.6 Other Examples......Page 25
2.1.7 Discussion......Page 26
2.2.1 Solar Radiation Absorbed by a Branch of Ponderosa Pine......Page 27
2.2.2 IR Radiation Entropy Absorbed by the Branch......Page 29
2.2.3 Temperature of the Branch and Entropy Associated with Transpiration......Page 30
2.2.5 IR Radiation Entropy Emitted by the Branch......Page 31
2.2.6 Net Entropy Flow and Entropy Production......Page 32
2.3 Entropy Production at Night......Page 33
2.4 Theorem of Oscillating Entropy Production......Page 34
3.1 White-Tailed Deer......Page 36
3.2.2 Entropy Flow due to Diffuse Solar Radiation......Page 41
3.2.3 Entropy Flow due to Reflected Solar Radiation......Page 43
3.2.4 Entropy Flow due to IR Radiation from the Sky......Page 45
3.2.5 Entropy Flow due to IR Radiation from the Ground......Page 46
3.2.7 Entropy Flow due to Convection......Page 47
3.2.10 Entropy Flow due to Conduction......Page 48
3.2.12 Total Entropy Flow and Entropy Production......Page 49
3.2.13 Comparison with White-Tailed Deer......Page 50
3.3.1 Newborn Pigs......Page 51
3.3.2 Mature Pigs......Page 54
3.3.3 Age Dependence......Page 55
3.3.4 Discussion......Page 56
4.1 Direct Calorimetry: Outline and Significance......Page 58
4.2 Calculation of Entropy Production......Page 59
4.4.1 Mild Exercise......Page 63
4.4.3 Chills in Cold Environments......Page 64
4.4.4 Malarial Chill......Page 65
5.1 Biological Meanings......Page 66
5.2.1 Dissipation Function......Page 67
5.2.3 Psiufunction......Page 68
5.4 Age Dependence II: Per Individual......Page 69
5.4.1 The Average Human Individual: Extrapolation......Page 70
5.4.2 A Principle of Organization......Page 72
6.1 Respiration......Page 74
6.3.2 Three Japanese Lakes......Page 75
6.3.3 ECOPATH Project......Page 76
6.3.3.2 Aquatic Plants......Page 77
6.4 Eutrophication......Page 78
6.5 Arrow of Time......Page 79
6.6 The Dissipation Function and Entropy Production......Page 80
6.7 Discussion......Page 82
7.1 Methods of Calculation (Aoki 1987b, 1989a, 1998)......Page 84
7.1.1 Direct Solar Radiation......Page 85
7.1.2 Diffuse Solar Radiation......Page 86
7.1.3 Diffusely Reflected Solar Radiation......Page 87
7.1.5 IR Radiation Incident on the Lake Surface......Page 89
7.1.7 Entropy Production......Page 90
7.2 Lake Biwa and Lake Mendota......Page 91
7.2.1 Limnological Meanings......Page 95
7.3 Senescent Stages......Page 96
7.4 Discussion......Page 97
8 Entropy Principle in Living Systems (Min–Max Principle)......Page 98
9.1.1 Solar Entropy Flow......Page 100
9.1.2 Entropies on the Planets of the Solar System......Page 101
9.2 Earth’s Surface and Atmosphere......Page 103
A.1 Fundamental Equation of Energy Budget......Page 108
A.2 Special Cases......Page 110
References......Page 112