Enlightening Professional Supervision in Social Work: Voices and Virtues of Supervisors

Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Professional Supervision: An Introduction
	Introduction
	Professional Supervision in Professional Social Work
	Motivation for Writing This Book
	Rationale for and Significance of Professional Supervision in Social Work
	Concept, Nature, Types, and the Main Features of Professional Supervision
	Professional Supervision for Student Social Workers
	Post-qualification Practice Supervision
	Supervision by the Line-Management/Administration
	Group Supervision
	Peer Supervision
	Supervision in the Tertiary Sector
	Independent Supervision
	Mentoring
	Coaching
	Some Basic Principles
	Mode of Supervision
	The Role of Professional Bodies
	Objectives of the Book
	Research Methods Followed
	Organization of the Book
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 2: Changes and Challenges in Social Work: Implications for Professional Supervision
	Introduction
	Social Work as a Global Profession
	The Promise and Politics of Social Work
	Changes and Challenges
		Colonization, Neocolonization, and Decolonization
		Deprofessionalization
		Populism, Nationalism, and Welfare Chauvinism
		Digitalization and Online Trends
		The Sustainable Development Goals, Climate Change, and Disasters
	Implications for Professional Supervision in Social Work
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 3: Contexts of Supervision: Organizations and Practice Settings
	Introduction
	Organizational Context
		Government Organizations
		Non-government Organizations (NGOs)
			Not-for-Profit NGOs
			For-Profit NGOs
			Faith-Based Organizations
			Social Enterprises
			Philanthropies/Trusts/Foundations
			Corporate Social Responsibility-Oriented Organizations
			International NGOs
			Multilateral Organizations
	Social Work Practice Settings
		Social Protection and Security
		Health and Hospitals
		Private Practice
		Child Welfare and Protection
		Family/Domestic Violence
		School Social Work
		Corrections
		Community
		Research Leading to Advocacy and Policy
		Rural and Remote
	Line-Management Versus Non-line-Management Professional Supervision in Organizational and Practice Settings
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 4: Models of Professional Supervision in Social Work
	Introduction
	Purpose- and Goal-Based Models
	Path-Based Models
		A Line-Management Supervision Model
		A Non-line-Management Supervision Model
		A Mixed Model of Line and Non-line-Management Supervision
		A Contract Model of Supervision
		A Model of Supervision in Private Practice
		Digital/Online Supervision Models
		Casework, Clinical Practice, and Therapy-Oriented Supervision Models
		A Reflective Learning Model of Supervision
		Peer Group Supervision Models
		Group Supervision Models
		A Model of Systemic Supervision
		Portfolio Model of Supervision
		An Appreciative Supervision Model
		A Cultural Competency Supervision Model
		A Critical Conversations Model of Supervision
		Feminist Supervision Models
	The Integration of Purpose and Path-Based Models
		A Comprehensive Model of Social Work Supervision
			The Four Stakeholders
			The Cultural Context
			The Purpose/Goals of Supervision
			Streams of Relationships
			Supervisory Process
			Supervisory Outcome
		Evidence-Informed Model of Social Work Supervision
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Critical Dilemmas and Challenges in Professional Supervision
	Introduction
	Line-Management Supervision Versus Non-line-Management (External) Supervision
	Difference Between Line-Management and Non-line-Management Professional Supervision
	Supervision in Private Practice
	Face-to-Face Supervision Versus Digital Supervision
	Difference Between Social Workers and Non-social Workers and New and Experienced Supervisees
	The Role of Professional Bodies
	The Issue of Teaching/Developing Qualities/Character
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 6: The Process, Essentials, and Content of Professional Supervision
	Introduction
	The General Process of Supervision Sessions
		Supervisee-Focused Open, Flexible, Informal, and Conversational
		Clarification of Expectations
		Recapitulating
	Structured/Contracted
		Supervisee-Led
		Two-Way Process
		Task/Issue/Goal-Focused
		Reflective
	Essentials of Professional Supervision
		Being Clear at the Beginning
		Focus on Practice/Work
		Balancing Between Work Issues and Private Issues
		Focus on Workplace Context
		Focus on Reflection
		Focus on Positives/Strengths
		Professional Development
		Identifying Themes/Issues
		Focus on Values and Ethics/Links to Professional Ethics
		Accountability/Responsibility
		Offering Support
		Being Present/Listening
		Sharing Own Experience
		Empathy
		Relationship and Trust
		Asking Curious Questions
		Using Theory, Sharing Resources
	The Main Theme or Core Content of Professional Supervision
		Self-Care/Safety for the Worker and the Client
		Maintaining Boundaries
		Personal Issues
		Difficulties with and Conflicts Around the Organization
		Client/Practice Issues
		Feeling of Inadequacy in Work Performance
		Critical Reflection
		Modeling Values
		Professional Identity
		Learning/Training and the Future
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 7: Supervisors’ Expectations
	Introduction
	Supervisors’ Perceptions of Supervisees’ Expectations from Supervision
		Availability, Support, and Respect
	Space for Ventilation/Debriefing
	Have a Plan, Direction, or Advice
	Have Answers and Problem-Solving
	Learn Something More than What They Know
	Facilitate Reflection
	Looking for Affirmation
	Providing a Different Perspective
	Honest Feedback and Understanding
	Accountability and Continuity
	Therapy and Counseling
	Do Not Know What to Expect
	Expectations of Supervisors from Supervisees
		Come Prepared and Bring Agenda Items for the Meeting
	Follow-Up from the Previous Meeting
	Talk About Issues from Various Angles
	Discuss Ethical Dilemmas
	Aware of Issues, Disclose Concerns, Defend Practice, and Disagree
	To Be Reflective
	Vision and Responsibility
	Take Risks and Have Passion
	Punctual
	Take Supervision Seriously and Value It
	Tell Truth/Be Honest
	Focus on Supervision, Do Not Bring Other Agendas
	Link Supervision to Performance Appraisal
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 8: Issues Posed in Professional Supervision
	Introduction
	Issues Supervisees Present in the Supervision
		Issues Relating to the Organizational Context
			Change Management and Structural Issues
			Value Conflicts
			Shortage of Staff and Work Stress
			Staff and Team Interpersonal Issues
		Issues Relating to Clients/Practice
			Personal Care Issues Relating to Clients
			Complex Case Issues
			Community Practice
			Making Decisions
			Recovery Focus
			Client and Practice-Related Stress
		Reflection on Practice
		Maintaining Boundaries/Rural Context
		Work Performance Issues
		Skill Development
		Theoretical Frameworks
		Personal Issues
		Recognizing Good Work
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 9: Concepts and Theories Employed in Supervision
	Introduction
	Conceptual and/or Theoretical Approaches Used in Supervision
		Reflective Practice/Critical Reflection Framework
		Adult Learning
		Kolb’s Learning Cycle
		Task-Focused Instructional Theory
		Systems Theory
		Kadushin Model/PASE Model
		Four Domains Approach to Supervision
		Middleman and Goldberg’s Model/Holistic Model
		Margaret Morrell’s Framework
		Postmodernism
		A Strengths-Based Perspective
		Anti-oppressive Framework
		Social Constructionist Approach
		Feminist Framework/Gender Perspective
		Narrative Therapy
		Family Therapy
		Sensorimotor Psychotherapy
		Psychodynamic Lens
	Cognitive Behavior Therapy
		Crisis Intervention
		Supervisee-Led Model
		Family Approach
		Best Practice
		Eclectic Approach
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 10: The Use of Practice Wisdom in Supervision
	Introduction
	Use of Practice Wisdom by Supervisors
		Experience
			Sharing Relevant Experience of Supervisors
			Reflecting on and Learning from Your Experience
			Sharing What Has Not Worked—Humility
			Appropriate Self-Disclosure
		Practice Wisdom Statements
			“We Cannot be Good at Everything”
			“The Story That a Person Tells About Their Experience is not the Experience. It’s a Story They Tell About It”
			“Not Just Jump In, Think”
			“Listen to the Gut, But Look for Evidence to Support It”
			“Open to Being Challenged”
			“Focus on the Person, not Tasks Alone”
			“If in Doubt, Throw Them Out”
			“There is no Perfect Theory”
		Supervision Practice Principles or Techniques
			Start with Their (Supervisees’) Experience
			Active Listening
			Never Say “I Know How You Feel”
			Acknowledging and Validating
			Do Not Get Bogged Down to One Thing; in Crisis, Look for Opportunities
			Don’t Bring Too Much of Yourself in; It Is Not About You
			Ask Hard Questions
			Upside-Down Brainstorm—Discussing the Opposites
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 11: The Use of Virtues or Qualities in Supervision
	Introduction
	Social Workers’ Qualities Perceived by Supervisors
		Finding Their Own Answers/Self-Determination
		Strengths-Based Thinking
		Being Non-judgmental, Human Rights, Empowerment
		Honesty, Accountability, and Trust
		Patience, Tolerance, Understanding, and Care
		Compassion
		Good Relationships/Links to the Wider World
		Shared Learning
		Inherent Personal Traits and Characteristics
	Developing Supervisees’ Virtues/Qualities in Supervision
		Using Strengths of Supervisees
		Be Open and Honest and Non-judgmental
		Experiential Learning, Reflection, Non-judgmental, Good Listening, and Observing
		Developing Clarity About Issues and Decision-Making
		Affirming Braveness
		Warmth and Power
		Reassuring/Building Confidence
		Humor
		Gentleness
		Capacity to Face Challenges and Make Difficult Decisions
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 12: Developing Supervisees’ Being
	Introduction
	Supervisee Being as a Person and Professional Social Worker
		Person and Professional Being Are Intertwined
		Focusing Only on the Professional Being Is Mechanical
		Essential to Integrate the Personal and Professional
		Gray Area
	Developing Being of Supervisees
		Role Modeling Oneself
		Talk About Supervisees’ Qualities
		Creating a Safe Environment
		Encouragement to Discuss Discordant Views
		Discussing Family Value Conflicts and Influences
		Demonstrating Care
		Comparing Previous Situations
		Linking to the Code of Ethics and Career Goal Planning
		Weighing Up Between Legal Being and Human Being
		Assigning the Case that Goes Well with the Worker
		Preventing Core Value Conflict Situations and Settings
		Attending to Personal and Professional Issues
		Seeking Additional External Support
	Conclusion and Summary
	References
Chapter 13: Action for Professional Supervision
	Introduction
	Professional Supervision and Voices and Virtues of Social Workers
		Tacit Development of Virtues/Qualities in Supervision
		Limitations of the Study and Future Research
	The Main Trends in the Dynamics of Professional Supervision
		Mainly Focused on Accredited Training and Clinical Practice
		Inconsistency in Organizations and Line-Management Approaches
		Influence of Neoliberalism and New Managerialism
		Private Practice and External Supervision
		Professional Bodies and Supervision Standards
		Organizations and Practitioners Without Professional Supervision
	Professional Supervision as an Emerging Area of Practice
	The Need for Professional Supervision
	Coordinated Action for Professional Supervision
	References
Index