Enjoying Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Research

Enjoying Research
in Counselling and
Psychotherapy
	Acknowledgements
	Contents
	Contributors
	About the Editors
	1: Introduction: Considering Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Research
		Grappling with Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Research
		Considering Research Approach
		Your Methodology
		Ontological and Epistemological Considerations
		Quantitative and Qualitative Research: Comparisons
		Combining Questions
		This Book
		Summary
		References
	2: Doing Qualitative Research
		Research Interests and Activity Domains
		Where to Start – And Why?
			Activity
		How to Do It?
		Seeking to Connect with the Experience of Doing Research
		Storying Our Findings
		What Transformative Learning Feels Like
		How Many, How Often?
		Research Validity
		Phenomenology
		How to Do Phenomenology?
		Narrative Research
		Narrative Research
		Personal and Cultural Values About Self and Others
		Absence of Narratives About Self
		Dominating Presence of Narratives
		Research Reflexivity
		Reflexivity on Introspection
		Intersubjective Reflexivity
		Reflexivity as Social Critique
		Theoretical Reflexivity
			Activity
		Summary
		References
	3: Doing Phenomenological Research. Dwelling with the Mystery
		Researching Lived Experience
		Phenomenology
			Hokusai Says
		An Embodied Stance
		Activity
		Articulating the Research Question
		Activity
		Remaining Open to the Phenomenon
		Explicating the Researcher’s Lens
			Openness
		Phenomenological Writing
		Activity
		Summary
		References
	4: Doing Qualitative Research with Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
		Introduction
		Methodology
		IPA: The Marriage of Hermeneutics and Phenomenology
		My Interpretation of IPA
			Participants
			Ethics
			Interviews
			Quality
			Analysis
			Making it your Own
		Activity
		Summary
		References
			Further Reading
	5: Becoming a Narrative Inquirer
		Introduction: Stories and their Impact on our Lives
		My Own Pathway to Becoming a Narrative Inquirer
		Reflexivity
		Reflection
		Activity
		What Do we Mean by Narrative Inquiry?
		Narrative Knowing
		Why Use Stories for Research?
		Healing Stories
		Selves and Identities
		Ethics in Narrative Inquiry
			Relational Ethics of Care
		Gathering Stories
		Narrative Conversations
		Analysing Narratives
		Narrative re-Presentations
		Quality Criteria
		Enjoying Narrative Inquiry
		Summary
		References
	6: Doing Constructivist Grounded Theory Research
		Introduction
		Constructivist Grounded Theory in Context
			Epistemological and Ontological Foundations
			Choosing when to Use Constructivist Grounded Theory
				Open and Collaborative Discovery of Theory
				Informing Future Research
				Reflexive Enquiry
				For Exploring the Social Processes Through Which Meanings are Constructed
				Activity
				Personal fit
		Doing Constructivist Grounded Theory
			Data Collection
			Data Analysis
				Coding and Memo Writing
				Initial and Focused Coding
				Theoretical Sampling
				Theoretical Saturation
			Theory creation
		Activity
		Summary
		References
	7: Ethical Research? Examining Knotty, Moment-to-Moment Challenges Throughout the Research Process
		Knotty Situations in Research
		Pre-research Phase
			Confidentiality/Anonymity
			Informed Consent
		Data Collection Phase
		Emotional Intensity
			A ctivity
		Power
		Data Analysis Phase
			Research Integrity
			Negotiating Respective Roles
			Participant Validation?
			Researcher Self-Care
		Concluding the Research and Dissemination
			Discomfort When Writing Up
			Presenting to the Wider World
				Activity
				Summary
		References
	8: Doing Qualitatively Driven Mixed Methods and Pluralistic Qualitative Research
		Introduction
		Pluralistic Qualitative Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy Research
		Mixed Methods and Qualitatively-Driven Mixed Methods
		Activity
		Pluralism in Qualitative Research (PQR)
		How to do Pluralistic Qualitative Research
		Methodological Pluralism
		Analytical Pluralism
		Within-Method Pluralistic Research
		Across-Method Pluralistic Research
		Activity
		Practicalities of Pluralistic Research
			Being Pluralistic Alone
			Working as Part of a Team
			Case Studies
		Pluralism and Pragmatism
		Ensuring Quality in Pluralistic Qualitative Research
		Ethical Considerations in Pluralistic Qualitative Research
		Writing Up Pluralistic Qualitative Research
		Summary
		References
	9: Doing Quantitative Research with Statistics
		Introduction
			A Formula-Free Introduction to Statistics
		Introductory Concepts
		Descriptive Statistics
		Measurement Scales
			Nominal
			Ordinal
			Interval
			Ratio
		Statistical Significance
		Correlation
		Statistical Tests
		Activity
		Summary
		References
	10: Doing Quantitative Research with a Survey
		Introduction. Why Use Surveys?
		Surveys in Counselling and Psychotherapy
		Online Survey Platforms
		Designing a Survey
		Types of Survey Questions
		Analysis and Presentation of Survey Findings
			Data Types
			Sampling
			Statistical Significance
			Sample Size
			Data Analysis and Presentation
			Text Analysis
			Survey Design
		Activity
		Summary
		References
	11: Doing Quantitative Research with Outcome Measures
		Introduction
		What Are Outcome Measures and why Are they Used?
			Two Incentives for Outcome Measurement
		Activity
		To What Extent Do OMs Have a Place in Routine Practice Settings, and Why?
			What Is Effect Size?
		What Does Research Tell us about Variations in Outcomes across Therapists, Services and Settings?
			Can we Use Outcome Measures to Determine our Effectiveness?
			Cycle of Excellence
		Activity
		How Can I Choose an OM that Is Suitable for my Purposes and Setting?
			On Outcomes and OMs: an Overview
		What Are the Key Features and Qualities that a Robust Measure Should Possess, and where Can I Find out More?
			Nomothetic Measures
			Idiographic Measures
		Activity
		Reliability and Validity
		Applicability, Acceptability, Practicality and Ethical Considerations
		Practicality
		Creating your Own Measure
		How Are OMs Used in a Range of Research and Routine Practice Settings?
		Naturalistic Study
		Get Involved!
		Summary
		References
	12: Doing Mixed Methods Research. Combining Outcome Measures with Interviews
		Introduction
		Mixed Methods: My Motivation
		Selecting Methods
		My Clients’ Experiences of Pronoun Usage in Therapy
		Looking at Symptoms
		Mixed Methods — More or Mess?
		Paradigm Conflict?
		Pragmatism
		You and I
		Ethical Challenge
		Recruitment Procedure and Sample
		Participants
		Returning to Research Methods
		My Notes
		Client Notebook
		Partial Transcription for Qualitative Analysis
		Post-therapy Interview
		Thematic Analysis
		Thematic Approach
		Collaboration
		Emerging Themes
		Quantitative Research Aims and Objectives
		CORE Monitoring
		Sample
		Content Analysis
		Transcription for Quantitative Analysis
		Data Processing and Analysis
		Correlations between Pronouns
		Correlations between Pronoun Change and Change in CORE
		Surprises
		Summary
		References
	13: Understanding Randomized Control Trial Design in Counselling and Psychotherapy
		Introduction
		Positioning Myself in the Chapter
		Politics and Power Dynamics
		Gaining an Understanding
		Basic Methodology Part 1: Why Conduct an RCT?
		The ‘C’ in RCT
			The Need for a Control Group: Real-Life Example
		Basic Methodology Part 2: The Importance of the ‘R’
		Activity
		Real-Life Example of Conducting an RCT in Counselling and Psychotherapy: The ETHOS Study
			The Study in Context
			The Development of ‘School-Based Humanistic Counselling’ (SBHC)
			Size Matters
			Study Procedures
			Experimental and Control Group Allocation
			The Issue of ‘Blinding’ Trial Participants
			Intention-to-Treat Analysis
		The Complexity of Large-Scale Studies
		ETHOS: The Rewards and Challenges
			Rewards
			Challenges
				Managing Ethical Issues
					Ineligible Young People
					Providing Information about Other Sources of Support
			Adverse Events: ‘Above all, do no harm’
				Developing a Protocol for Adverse Events
				Assessing Causality
		Activity
		The Advantages and Limitations of RCT Design in Counselling and Psychotherapy
			RCTs and Real-World Conditions
			Humans and our Contexts
			Bias
		Tips from a Trial Project Manager
			For those Who Want to Conduct an RCT: What Do you Need to Consider?
			For those Who Want to Know how to Read and Critique an RCT: What Are you Looking out for?
		Assessing Scientific Integrity and Design Quality
			Assessing Results
		Summary
		References
	14: Navigating the Landscape of ‘Evidence’ in Research
		Introduction
			Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) and Practice-Based Evidence (PBE)
		Different Routes into Research
		Sitting with our Clients
		‘Analysing’ our Daily Data
		Personal
		Intrapersonal
		Contextual
		Activity
		Navigating the Landscape of Evidence: Evidence-Based Practice or Practice-Based Evidence?
		The Landscape of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
			Understanding EBP
		The Landscape of Practice-Based Evidence (PBE)
		The Sliding Scale of Efficacy-Effectiveness
		Working with a Shared Language
		Internal and External Impact
		Activity
		Summary
		References
	Index