English Auxiliaries: Structure and History

Cover......Page 1
Frontmatter......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Dedication......Page 11
Preface......Page 12
List of abbreviations and references to primary texts......Page 14
1.1 Introduction......Page 18
1.2 Traditional criteria for auxiliaries......Page 20
1.3 Auxiliaries as a word class......Page 26
1.4 The semantics of modals......Page 30
1.5 Problems and historical context of analysis......Page 36
2.1 Ordering and categorial availability......Page 50
2.2 Morphosyntactic independence of auxiliaries......Page 56
2.3 Inflected auxiliaries as `anaphoric islands'......Page 66
2.4 Implications for modals of this account......Page 75
2.5 Recent history......Page 79
3.1 Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar......Page 86
3.2 Morphosyntactic features......Page 90
3.3 The lexical structuring of auxiliaries......Page 95
3.4 Auxiliary constructions......Page 99
3.5 Conclusion......Page 108
4.1 Introduction......Page 109
4.2 The ancestors of present-day auxiliaries......Page 111
4.3 Verblike characteristics......Page 114
4.4 Word classes......Page 120
5 - Identifying an `auxiliary group' before Modern English: sentence-level syntax......Page 127
5.1 Elliptical constructions......Page 128
5.2 Transparency to impersonal constructions......Page 139
5.3 Significance......Page 149
6 - Identifying an `auxiliary group' before Modern English: further properties of `modals'......Page 152
6.1 Subcategorization for the plain infinitive......Page 153
6.2 Preterite-present morphology......Page 157
6.3 Restriction to finite forms......Page 161
6.4 The developing independence of preterite forms......Page 165
6.5 Negative forms, and occurrence with do......Page 167
6.6 Conclusion......Page 169
7.1 Introduction......Page 173
7.2 Verbs of group A and typically modal meanings in Old English......Page 175
7.3 The modal group and typically modal meanings in Middle English......Page 191
7.4 Modern English developments......Page 197
7.5 Conclusion......Page 199
8.1 The full range of properties......Page 201
8.2 Notional correspondences: identifying the group......Page 202
8.3 The special position of finiteness......Page 205
8.4 A speculative historical sketch to the fifteenth century......Page 208
8.5 Comments on grammaticalization......Page 211
9.1 Apparent generalizations of earlier properties......Page 214
9.2 New developments......Page 222
9.3 A category-based account of early Modern English......Page 225
9.4 Lightfoot revisited......Page 234
9.5 Periphrastic do......Page 235
9.6 Conclusions......Page 250
10 - Conclusions......Page 252
Notes......Page 256
References......Page 284
Index of Scholars Cited......Page 300
General index......Page 303