English and Spanish: World Languages in Interaction

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
1 Introduction: English and Spanish in Contact - World Languages in Interaction
	1.1 The Emergence and Diversification of Global Languages
	1.2 Standard(ization) and Language Typologies: A Comparative Look at English and Spanish
	1.3 Case Studies: English and Spanish in Use
	References
2 The Emergence of Global Languages: Why English?
	2.1 English Globalized: Some Baseline Facts
	2.2 Causes: Structural Properties - The Erroneous Path
	2.3 Causes: Crystal\'s \'Classic\' Explanation
	2.4 Supplements to Crystal\'s \'Classic\' Explanation
		2.4.1 Colonization Unfolding: The Dynamic Model
		2.4.2 From Industrialization to Modernization
		2.4.3 From US Predominance to Globalization
		2.4.4 The Emergence of \'New Englishes\'
		2.4.5 Ethnic Neutrality
	2.5 Why English, Not Spanish? Historical Accounts
	2.6 Beyond the Classic Explanation: Transnational Attraction
	2.7 Conclusion: Why English?
	References
3 Some (Unintended) Consequences of Colonization: The Rise of Spanish as a Global Language
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Language (qua Speech) Communities and Ecology in Language Evolution
	3.3 Some Historical Notes on Iberia Leading up to the Start of Colonization
	3.4 Spain\'s Colonization of the Americas: The Impact of an Invasive Language Community on the Cultural and Linguistic Ecology of the Americas
	3.5 The External Linguistic Ecology in the Andean Region
		3.5.1 The General Situation
		3.5.2 The Linguistic Ecology of Mantaro Valley (Peru) and Salta (Argentina)
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4 Dialect Contact and the Emergence of New Varieties of English
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Spread of English
		4.2.1 Social Scenarios Overseas
		4.2.2 Regional Diffusion Patterns Overseas
		4.2.3 The Rise of Focused Varieties
	4.3 The Genesis of New Varieties of English
		4.3.1 Assessing Variety Features
		4.3.2 Survival of Features in Relic Areas
		4.3.3 Source Likelihood for Features
	4.4 Linguistic Issues in New Varieties of English
		4.4.1 Shared Innovations or Feature Continuity
		4.4.2 Internal Dialect Patterning
		4.4.3 Mergers, Splits and Contact
			The PEN-PIN Merger
			The FOOT-STRUT split
		4.4.4 Reanalysis of Variation
		4.4.5 Areality and Contact
			Common Input: Negative Concord
			Relative Rarity: Positive \'Anymore\'
			Substitution versus Contact: Fortition of Dental Fricatives
	4.5 Models for the Development of New Varieties
		4.5.1 Trudgill\'s New Dialect Formation Model
		4.5.2 Schneider\'s Dynamic Model
		4.5.3 Assessment of Trudgill and Schneider
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5 The Emergence of Latin American Spanish
	5.1 General Settings
	5.2 Phonetic-Phonological Features Related to the andalucista Theory
	5.3 The andalucista World Crumbling
		5.3.1 The Issue of the Local Origin of Settlers
		5.3.2 Caribbean Koine vs. Andalusian
		5.3.3 Pan-American seseo vs. Local Features
		5.3.4 Phonetic Resemblance and Diachrony
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6 Creole Distinctiveness?: Insights from English-Lexifier Pidgins, Creoles, and Related Varieties
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Do Creoles Constitute a Unique Type of Language, Different from Languages That Did Not Emerge in Extreme Contact Situations?
	6.3 How Can English-Lexifier Pidgins and Creoles Be Separated from Other Varieties of Their Lexifier Language? What Subgroups Can We Distinguish among Them?
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7 Contact Scenarios and Varieties of Spanish beyond Europe
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Contact from the Outset
	7.3 Contact Areas of Spanish
	7.4 Spanish High-Contact Varieties
	7.5 Mixed Varieties
	7.6 Spanish-Lexified Creoles
	7.7 The Intermediate Case? The Challenge of Classifying Afro-Hispanic Varieties
	7.8 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
8 Pluricentricity and Codification in World English
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Pluricentric Languages and Status Differences among the Varieties Associated with Them
	8.3 Instruments of Codification and Their Impacts on Stabilization and Standardization
	8.4 The Compilation of English Dictionaries in the Postcolonial World
	8.5 Language References for STL Strand Varieties: United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
	8.6 Language References for IDG Strand Varieties: South Africa, India, Singapore, the Philippines
	8.7 Conclusions
	References
9 Spanish Today: Pluricentricity and Codification
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 From Monocentricity to Pluricentricity: Language Attitudes and Spanish Language Planning
	9.3 Spanish Norms: Their Representatives, Their Codifications, Their Scopes
		9.3.1 \'Norma pan-hispánica\'
		9.3.2 \'Español neutro\'
		9.3.3 Regional and National Norms
		9.3.4 \'Español inexistente\'
	9.4 Perspectives and Conclusion
	References
10 Uncovering the Big Picture: Measuring the Typological Relatedness of Varieties of English
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Aggregate Measures of Distance or Similarity
	10.3 Typological Profiling
	10.4 Typological Relatedness and Language Complexity
	10.5 Variation-Based Relatedness Measures
	10.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
11 Morphosyntactic Variation in Spanish: Global and American Perspectives
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Variation in the Hispanic World
		11.2.1 Classification of Spanish Varieties
		11.2.2 Geographical Variation
		11.2.3 Sociolinguistic Variation
	11.3 Modelling Classifications with Networks
	11.4 Varieties and the Feature Sample
	11.5 Network Analysis of Spanish Varieties
		11.5.1 Variety Type as a Basis for Classifications
		11.5.2 Areal Signals
	11.6 Discussion
	11.7 Conclusions
	References
	Appendix Feature List
12 English and Spanish in Contact in North America: US Latino Communities and the Emergence of Transnational Mediascapes
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 English and Spanish in the World Language System
	12.3 English and Spanish in Contact in Transnational Mediascapes: Examples
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 \'The Spanish of the Internet\': Is That a Thing?: Discursive and Morphosyntactic Innovations in Computer Mediated Communication
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Computer mediated communication
		13.2.1 \'CMC Is Special\'
		13.2.2 \'CMC Affects Spelling\'
	13.3 Innovations in CMC
		13.3.1 New Discursive Practices
		13.3.2 Morphosyntactic Innovations
			13.3.2.1 Overextension of Suffixes: -i
			13.3.2.2 Recategorisation of (muy) fuerte As an Adverb
			13.3.2.3 The New Syntax of ojalá and Because
	13.4 Why and What For?
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14 Alternating or Mixing Languages?
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Convergence Evaluation Metric: Comparison of Variation Patterns
	14.3 The Bilingual Speech Corpus
	14.4 Diagnostic Differences in the Variable Context
		14.4.1 Variable Context for English Subject Expression
		14.4.2 Diagnostic Difference of Prosodic Position
		14.4.3 Bilinguals\' Spanish and English According to Prosodic Position
	14.5 Diagnostic Differences in the Probabilistic Constraints
		14.5.1 Accessibility as a Cross-Linguistic Probabilistic Constraint
		14.5.2 Diagnostic Difference of Relative Strength of Accessibility
		14.5.3 Bilinguals\' Spanish and English According to Strength of Accessibility
	14.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Appendix: Transcription Conventions (Du Bois et al. 1993)
15 The Persistence of Dialectal Differences in U.S. Spanish: /s/ Deletion in Boston and New York City
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Previous Research
		15.2.1 The Comparative Variationist Method
		15.2.2 Previous Variationist Study of the OZC and BSC
		15.2.3 Previous Research on Coda /s/
	15.3 Speakers\' Data and Methodology
	15.4 Results
		15.4.1 Overall Deletion Rates
		15.4.2 Deletion Rates by Region across Immigration Category
		15.4.3 Linguistic and Social Constraints on Deletion
		15.4.4 Summary of Results
	15.5 Discussion
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
16 Identity Construction
	16.1 Identity and Language
	16.2 Spanish and English
	16.3 Spanishes and Englishes
	16.4 Bilingual Identities
	16.5 Effects of Globalisation, Superdiversity, Translanguaging
	References
Index