Engineering Heat Transfer

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
1 Fundamental Concepts
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
	1.3 Dimensions and Units
	1.4 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
	1.5 Thermal Conductivity
	1.6 Convection Heat Transfer
	1.7 Convection Heat-Transfer Coefficient
	1.8 Radiation Heat Transfer
	1.9 Emissivity and Other Radiative Properties
	1.10 Combined Heat-Transfer Mechanisms
	1.11 Summary
	1.12 Problems
		1.12.1 Introduction to Conduction
		1.12.2 Introduction to Convection
		1.12.3 Introduction to Radiation
		1.12.4 Combined Mechanism Problems
2 Steady-State Conduction in One Dimension
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 One-Dimensional Conduction Equation
	2.3 Plane Geometry Systems
		2.3.1 Thermal Circuit
		2.3.2 Materials in Series
		2.3.3 Materials in Parallel
		2.3.4 Plane Wall with Heat Generation
		2.3.5 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient
	2.4 Polar Cylindrical Geometry Systems
		2.4.1 Pipe and Tube Specifications
		2.4.2 Materials in Series
		2.4.3 Cylinder with Heat Generation
		2.4.4 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient
		2.4.5 Critical Thickness of Insulation
	2.5 Spherical Geometry Systems
	2.6 Thermal Contact Resistance
	2.7 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
		2.7.1 General Differential Equation for Extended Surfaces
		2.7.2 Analysis of Pin Fin
		2.7.3 Analysis of Straight Fin of Rectangular Profile
		2.7.4 Straight Fins of Triangular and Parabolic Profile
		2.7.5 Circular Fin of Rectangular Profile
	2.8 Summary
	2.9 Problems
		2.9.1 One-Dimensional Planar Conduction
		2.9.2 One-Dimensional Conduction in Polar Coordinates
		2.9.3 Internal Heat Generation
		2.9.4 One-Dimensional Conduction in Spherical Coordinates
		2.9.5 Contact Resistance
		2.9.6 Pin Fins
		2.9.7 Straight Fins
		2.9.8 Circular Fins
3 Steady-State Conduction in Multiple Dimensions
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 General Conduction Equation
		3.2.1 Cartesian Coordinates
	3.3 Analytical Method of Solution
	3.4 Graphical Method of Solution
	3.5 Conduction Shape Factor
	3.6 Solution by Numerical Methods (Finite Differences)
		3.6.1 Normalization of Equations
		3.6.2 Numerical Method of Solution for One-Dimensional Problems
	3.7 Numerical Method of Solution for Two-Dimensional Problems
	3.8 Methods of Solving Simultaneous Equations
	3.9 Summary
	3.10 Problems
		3.10.1 Analytical Methods
		3.10.2 Field Plotting: Graphical Method
		3.10.3 Shape Factor Method: Charts
		3.10.4 Normalization/Transformation of Equations
		3.10.5 Numerical Methods for One-Dimensional Problems
		3.10.6 Numerical Methods for Two-Dimensional Problems
4 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance
	4.3 Systems with Finite Internal and Surface Resistances
	4.4 Solutions to Multidimensional Geometry Systems
	4.5 Approximate Methods of Solution to Transient-Conduction Problems
		4.5.1 Numerical Methods
		4.5.2 Graphical Method
	4.6 Summary
	4.7 Problems
		4.7.1 Lumped Capacitance Method
		4.7.2 Chart Solutions: Slabs, Cylinders, Spheres
		4.7.3 Semi-Infinite Slabs
		4.7.4 Multidimensional Problems
		4.7.5 Numerical Methods
		4.7.6 Graphical Methods
		4.7.7 Project Problems
5 Introduction to Convection
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fluid Properties
		5.2.1 Absolute Viscosity
		5.2.2 Pressure
		5.2.3 Density
		5.2.4 Kinematic Viscosity
		5.2.5 Surface Tension
		5.2.6 Internal Energy
		5.2.7 Enthalpy
		5.2.8 Specific Heat
		5.2.9 Compressibility Factor
		5.2.10 Volumetric Thermal-Expansion Coefficient
	5.3 Characteristics of Fluid Flow
	5.4 Equations of Fluid Mechanics
		5.4.1 Continuity Equation
		5.4.2 Momentum Equation (or Equation of Motion)
	5.5 Thermal-Energy Equation
	5.6 Applications to Laminar Flows
	5.7 Applications to Turbulent Flows
	5.8 Natural-Convection Problem
	5.9 Dimensional Analysis
		5.9.1 Internal Flows
		5.9.2 External Flows
		5.9.3 Natural Convection
	5.10 Summary
	5.11 Problems
		5.11.1 Fluid Properties
		5.11.2 Momentum Equation
		5.11.3 Thermal-Energy Equation
		5.11.4 Dimensional Analysis
		5.11.5 Miscellaneous Problems
6 Convection Heat Transfer in a Closed Conduit
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Heat Transfer to and from Laminar Flow in Circular Conduit
		6.2.1 Constant Heat Flux at Wall
		6.2.2 Constant Wall Temperature
		6.2.3 Thermal Entry Length
		6.2.4 Combined-Entry-Length Problem for Laminar Flow in Circular Duct
	6.3 Heat Transfer to and from Turbulent Flow in Circular Conduit
		6.3.1 Constant Heat Flux at Wall and Constant Wall Temperature
	6.4 Heat-Transfer Correlations for Flow in Noncircular Ducts
		6.4.1 Concentric Annular Duct
		6.4.2 Rectangular Cross Sections
	6.5 Summary
	6.6 Problems
		6.6.1 Entrance Length
		6.6.2 Constant Wall Flux
		6.6.3 Constant Wall Temperature
		6.6.4 Empirical Correlations
		6.5.5 Noncircular Cross Sections
		6.6.6 Derivations and Theoretical Problems
7 Convection Heat Transfer in Flows Past Immersed Bodies
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Boundary-Layer Flow
		7.2.1 Laminar-Boundary-Layer Flow over Flat Plate
		7.2.2 Constant Wall Temperature
		7.2.3 Constant Wall Flux
		7.2.4 General Relationship
		7.2.5 Reynolds Analogy
	7.3 Turbulent Flow over Flat Plate
		7.3.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flow over Flat Plate
	7.4 Flow Past Various Two-Dimensional Bodies
	7.5 Flow Past a Bank of Tubes
	7.6 Flow Past a Sphere
	7.7 Summary
	7.8 Problems
		7.8.1 Flow Past a Flat Plate
		7.8.2 Reynolds–Colburn Analogy
		7.8.3 Flow Past Two-Dimensional Bodies
		7.8.4 Flow Past a Tube Bank
		7.8.5 Derivations
8 Natural-Convection Systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Natural Convection on a Vertical Surface: Laminar Flow
	8.3 Natural Convection on a Vertical Surface: Transition and Turbulence
	8.4 Natural Convection on an Inclined Flat Plate
	8.5 Natural Convection on a Horizontal Flat Surface
	8.6 Natural Convection on Cylinders
		8.6.1 Vertical Cylinders
		8.6.2 Horizontal Cylinders
		8.6.3 Inclined Cylinders
	8.7 Natural Convection around Spheres and Blocks
	8.8 Natural Convection about an Array of Fins
	8.9 Combined Forced- and Natural-Convection Systems
	8.10 Summary
	8.11 Problems
		8.11.1 Natural Convection: Vertical Plane Surfaces
		8.11.2 Natural Convection: Inclined Surfaces
		8.11.3 Natural Convection: Horizontal Plane Surfaces
		8.11.4 Natural Convection: Cylinders
		8.11.5 Natural Convection: Miscellaneous Geometries and Problems
		8.11.6 Natural Convection: Fins
		8.11.7 Derivations
	8.12 Project Problems
9 Heat Exchangers
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers
		9.2.1 Circular Duct
		9.2.2 Annular Duct
		9.2.3 Fouling Factors
	9.3 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
		9.3.1 Shells
		9.3.2 Tubes
		9.3.3 Baffles
		9.3.4 Modifications
		9.3.5 Tube Side
		9.3.6 Shell Side
		9.3.7 True Temperature Difference
	9.4 Effectiveness–Number of Transfer Units Method of Analysis
		9.4.1 Effectiveness–Number of Transfer Units Equations
	9.5 Crossflow Heat Exchangers
	9.6 Efficiency of a Heat Exchanger
	9.7 Summary
		9.7.1 Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers Suggested Order of Calculations
		9.7.2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Suggested Order of Calculations
		9.7.3 Crossflow Heat Exchangers Suggested Order of Calculations
	9.8 Problems
		9.8.1 Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers
		9.8.2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
		9.8.3 Crossflow Heat Exchangers
		9.8.4 Miscellaneous Problems and Equations
10 Condensation and Vaporization Heat Transfer
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Condensation Heat Transfer
		10.2.1 Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Flat Surface
		10.2.2 Turbulent Film Condensation on Vertical Flat Surface
		10.2.3 Laminar Film Condensation on an Inclined Flat Surface
		10.2.4 Film Condensation on a Vertical Tube
		10.2.5 Film Condensation on a Horizontal Tube and on a Horizontal Tube Bank
		10.2.6 Film Condensation within Horizontal Tubes
	10.3 Boiling Heat Transfer
		10.3.1 Nucleate Pool Boiling
		10.3.2 Nucleate Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux
	10.4 Summary
	10.5 Problems
		10.5.1 Filmwise Condensation–Flat Plates
		10.5.2 Condensation on Tubes
		10.5.3 Boiling
11 Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
	11.3 Emission and Absorption at the Surface of an Opaque Solid
	11.4 Radiation Intensity
	11.5 Irradiation and Radiosity
	11.6 Radiation Laws
		11.6.1 Kirchhoffs Law
		11.6.2 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
		11.6.3 Planck’s Distribution Law
		11.6.4 Wien’s Displacement Law
	11.7 Characteristics of Real Surfaces
		11.7.1 Absorptivity and Reflectivity
		11.7.2 Transmissivity
	11.8 Summary
	11.9 Problems
		11.9.1 Radiation Spectrum
		11.9.2 Radiation Intensity
		11.9.3 Radiation and Radiosity
		11.9.4 Radiation Laws
		11.9.5 Characteristics of Real Surfaces
12 Radiation Heat Transfer between Surfaces
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 View Factor
		12.2.1 View Factor between Two Differential Elements
		12.2.2 View Factor between Differential Element and Finite Area
		12.2.3 View Factors for Two Finite Areas
	12.3 Metho ds for Evaluating View Factors
		12.3.1 View-Factor Algebra for Pairs of Surfaces
		12.3.2 View-Factor Algebra for Enclosures
		12.3.3 Crossed-String Method
	12.4 Radiation Heat Transfer within Enclosure of Black Surfaces
	12.5 Radiation Heat Transfer within an Enclosure of Diffuse-Gray Surfaces
		12.5.1 Surface Heating and Surface Temperature
		12.5.2 Radiosity and Surface Temperature
		12.5.3 Electrical Analogy
	12.6 Summary
	12.7 Problems
		12.7.1 View Factor and Heat Transfer Radiation
		12.7.2 Radiation in Enclosure of Black Surfaces
		12.7.3 Radiation in Enclosure of Diffuse-Gray Surfaces
	12.8 Project Problems
Bibliography and Selected References
Appendixes
	A.1 Prefixes
	A.2 Conversion Factors Listed by Physical Quantity
	A.3 Temperature Conversions
	A.4 Hyperbolic Functions
	A.5 Error Function or Probability Integral
	A.6 Symbols and Units
	B.1 Thermal Properties of Selected Metallic Elements at 293 K (20°C) or 528°R (65°F)
	B.2 Thermal Properties of Selected Alloys at 293 K (20°C) or 528°R (65°F)
	B.3 Thermal Properties of Selected Building Materials and Insulations at 293 K (20°C) or 528°R (65°F)
	C.1 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Ammonia NH3
	C.2 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Carbon Dioxide CO2
	C.3 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon-12) CCl2F2
	C.4 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Engine Oil (Unused)
	C.5 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Ethylene Glycol C2H4(OH2)
	C.6 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Eutectic Calcium Chloride Solution (29.9% CaCl2)
	C.7 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Glycerin C3H5(OH)3
	C.8 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Mercury Hg
	C.9 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Methyl Cloride Ch3Cl
	C.10 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Sulfur dioxide SO2
	C.11 Properties of Saturated Liquids: Water H2O
	D.1 Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure (101.3 kPa = 14.7 psia): Air [Gas constant = 286.8 J/(kg · K) = 53.3 ft ˙ lbf/lbm · °R ; γ = cp /cv = 1.4]
	D.2 Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure (101.3 kPa = 14.7 psia): Carbon Dioxide [Gas constant = 188.9 J/(kg · K) = 35.11 ft-lbf/lbm · °R; γ = cp/cv = 1.30]
	D.3 Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure (101.3 kPa = 14.7 psia): Helium [Gas constant = 2 077 J/(kg · K) = 386 ft · lbf/lbm · °R; γ = cp/cv = 1.66]
	D.4 Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure (101.3 kPa = 14.7 psia): Hydrogen [Gas constant = 4 126 J/(kg · K) = 767 ft · lbf/lbm · °R; γ = cp/cv = 1.405]
	D.5 Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure (101.3 kPa = 14.7 psia): Nitrogen [Gas constant = 296.8 J/(kg · K) = 55.16 ft · lbf/lbm · °R; γ = cp/cv = 1.40]
	D.6 Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure (101.3 kPa = 14.7 psia): Oxygen [Gas constant = 260 J/(kg · K) = 48.3 ft · lbf/lbm · °R; γ = cp/cv = 1.40]
	D.7 Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure (101.3 kPa = 14.7 psia): Water Vapor or Steam [Gas constant = 461.5 J/(kg · K) = 85.78 ft · lbf/lbm · °R; γ = cp/cv = 1.33]
	E.1 Normal Emissivity of Various Metals
	E.2 Normal or Total (Hemispherical) Emissivity of Various Nonmetallic Solids
	F.1 Dimensions of Wrought-Steel and Wrought-Iron Pipe
	F.2 Dimensions of Seamless Copper Tubing
	G.1 The Greek Alphabet Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems
Index