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درصورت عدم همخوانی توضیحات با کتاب
از ساعت 7 صبح تا 10 شب
ویرایش: 5th
نویسندگان: David P. Madsen- David A. Madsen
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 1111309574
ناشر: Delmar Publishers Inc.
سال نشر: 2011
تعداد صفحات: 1330
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 42 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Engineering Drawing and design به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب مهندسی طراحی و طراحی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN، 5E به خوانندگان خوانندگان را با پوشش A-to-Z از دستورالعمل های طراحی و طراحی که با آخرین استانداردهای ANSI و ASME مطابقت دارد، خوانا ارائه می دهد. این نسخه پنجم سنت برتری بیست ساله خود را با انبوهی از نقشههای صنعتی با کیفیت واقعی ادامه میدهد که محتوا را نشان میدهد و مشکلاتی را برای دنیای واقعی و کاربرد عملی ارائه میکند. فرآیند طراحی مهندسی که در ENGINEERING DAWING AND DESIGN، 5E نشان داده شده است، از طراحی محصول واقعی از مفهوم تا تولید پیروی می کند و مشکلات طراحی متنوعی را برای برنامه های کاربردی چالش برانگیز یا برای استفاده به عنوان پروژه های تیمی در اختیار خوانندگان قرار می دهد. همچنین در این کتاب شامل پوشش پیش نویس عمران، 3D CADD، مدل سازی جامد، برنامه های کاربردی پارامتری، و غیره است.
ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN, 5E provides readers with an easy-to-read, A-to-Z coverage of drafting and design instruction that complies with the latest ANSI & ASME standards. This fifth edition continues its twenty year tradition of excellence with a multitude of actual quality industry drawings that demonstrate content and provide problems for real world, practical application. The engineering design process featured in ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN, 5E follows an actual product design from concept through manufacturing, and provides readers with a variety of design problems for challenging applications or for use as team projects. Also included in this book is coverage of Civil Drafting, 3D CADD, solid modeling, parametric applications, and more.
Chapter 1— Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design 2 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A History of Engineering Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The Drafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Drafting Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Education and Qualifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Drafting Job Opportunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Searching for a Drafting Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Drafting Salaries and Working Conditions . . . . . . . 27 Professional Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Drafting Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Workplace Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Copyrights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Chapter 2— Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods 39 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . . 39 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Manual Drafting Equipment and Supplies . . . . . . . . 41 Drafting Furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Drafting Pencils and Leads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Technical Pens, Pen Cleaning, and Ink . . . . . . . . . . 42 Erasers and Erasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Parallel Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Irregular Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Drafting Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Drafting Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Sheet Size and Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Diazo Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Photocopy Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Properly Folding Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Microfi lm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Chapter 3— Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) 69 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . . 69 Introduction to Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 The CADD Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 CADD Software Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 CADD Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Industry and CADD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Virtual Reality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Basic CADD Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Surface Modeling Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Solid Modeling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 CADD Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Productivity with CADD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Chapter 4— Manufacturing Materials and Processes 121 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 121 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Manufacturing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Plastics and Polymers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Plastic Resin Identifi cation Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Plastics Material Selection Applications. . . . . . . . . 129 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Material Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Manufacturing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Machine Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Machined Feature and Drawing Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Manufacturing Plastic Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Thermoset Plastic Fabrication Process. . . . . . . . . . 157 Manufacturing Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Rapid Prototyping (RP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Tool Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) . . . . . 161 Application Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Integration of Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Statistical Process Control (SPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Math Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Manufacturing Materials and Processes Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Manufacturing Materials and Processes Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 FUNDAMENTAL APPLICATIONS 173 Chapter 5— Sketching Applications 174 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 174 Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Sketching Tools and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Sketching Straight Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Sketching Circular Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Sketching Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Sketching Ellipses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Measurement Lines and Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Introduction to the Block Technique . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Creating Multiview Sketches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Creating Isometric Sketches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Sketching Applications Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Sketching Applications Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Chapter 6 — Lines and Lettering 193 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 193 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Types of Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Lettering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Lettering on Engineering Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Lettering Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Other Lettering Styles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Lettering Legibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Lines and Lettering Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Lines and Lettering Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Chapter 7—Drafting Geometry 218 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 218 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Drafting Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Characteristics of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Geometric Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Common Geometric Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Constructing Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Constructing Tangencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Constructing an Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Drafting Geometry Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Drafting Geometry Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 DRAFTING VIEWS AND ANNOTATIONS Chapter 8—Multiviews 247 248 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 248 Multiviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Third-Angle Projection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 First-Angle Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 View Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Projection of Contours, Circles, and Arcs . . . . . . . 262 Line Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Multiview Analysis and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Recommended Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Multiview Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Multiviews Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Multiviews Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Chapter 9—Auxiliary Views 292 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 292 Auxiliary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Auxiliary View Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Drawing Curves in Auxiliary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 View Enlargements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Drawing a Removed Auxiliary View. . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Locating Views on Different Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Drawing a Rotated Auxiliary View . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Secondary Auxiliary Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Auxiliary View Analysis and Review . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Descriptive Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Auxiliary View Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Auxiliary Views Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Auxiliary Views Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Chapter 10— Dimensioning and Tolerancing 315 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 315 Introduction to Dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Dimensioning Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Dimensioning Characteristics and Defi nitions. . . . 320 Fundamental Dimensioning Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Dimensioning Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Dimensioning Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Dimensioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Dimensioning Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Preferred Dimensioning Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Notes for Machined Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Placing Location Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Specifying Dimension Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Dimensioning Auxiliary Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Using General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Tolerancing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Dimensions Applied to Platings and Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Maximum and Minimum Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . 361 Casting Drawing and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Machining Allowance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Casting Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Forging, Design, and Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Drawings for Plastic Part Manufacturing . . . . . . . . 369 Machined Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Design and Drafting of Machined Features . . . . . . 373 Tool Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Introduction to ISO 9000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Recommended Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Problems . . . . . . . 384 Chapter 11—Fasteners and Springs 392 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 392 Screw Thread Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Thread-Cutting Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Thread Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Thread Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Drawing Thread Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Drawing Detailed Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Thread Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Measuring Screw Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Threaded Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Thread Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Lag Screws and Wood Screws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Self-Tapping Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Thread Inserts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Self-Clinching Fasteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 How to Draw Various Types of Screw Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Drawing Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Drawing Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Drawing Dowel Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Taper Pins and Other Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Retaining Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Keys, Keyways, and Keyseats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Designing and Drawing Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Spring Representations and Specifi cations. . . . . . . 426 Recommended Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Fasteners and Springs Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Fasteners and Springs Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Chapter 12— Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional Breaks 439 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 439 Introduction to Sectional Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Cutting-Plane Lines and Sectional View Identifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Section Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Full Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Half Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Offset Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Aligned Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Unsectioned Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Intersections in Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Conventional Revolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Broken-Out Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 Auxiliary Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Conventional Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Revolved Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Removed Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Locating Sectional Views on Different Sheets . . . . 455 Recommended Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional Breaks Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional Breaks Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 Chapter 13— Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing 475 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 475 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 GD&T Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Applying Material Condition and Material Boundary Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 Limits of Size Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Perfect Form Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Applying Regardless of Feature Size and Regardless of Material Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Applying Maximum Material Condition . . . . . . . . 496 Applying Least Material Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 Application of RMB on a Primary Datum Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Application of RMB on a Secondary and Tertiary Datum Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 The Effect of Datum Precedence and Material Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Introduction to Geometric Characteristic and Related Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Form Geometric Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 Orientation Geometric Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Applying Profi le Geometric Tolerances . . . . . . . . . 532 Runout Geometric Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Specifying Independency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Chapter 14— Pictorial Drawings and Technical Illustrations 562 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 562 Introduction to Pictorial Drawing and Technical Illustration Pictorial Drawings . . . . . . 563 Pictorial Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Isometric Projections and Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Types of Isometric Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Isometric Construction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Dimetric Pictorial Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Trimetric Pictorial Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Exploded Pictorial Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Oblique Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Perspective Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 Drawing a One-Point Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 Drawing a Two-Point Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Drawing a Three-Point Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Drawing Circles and Curves in Perspective . . . . . . 582 Using Basic Shading Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 Pictorial Drawing Layout Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 584 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Pictorial Drawings and Technical Illustrations Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Pictorial Drawings and Technical Illustrations Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Chapter 15—Working Drawings 595 596 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 596 Introduction to Section Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 Introduction to Working Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 Detail Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Assembly Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Types of Assembly Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Identifi cation Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 Parts Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 Purchase Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 Engineering Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Drawing From a Prototype. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Analysis of a Set of Working Drawings . . . . . . . . . 620 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Math Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Working Drawings Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Working Drawings Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 Chapter 16— Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and Bearings vii 678 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 678 Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 Linkage Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 Types of Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 Cam Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 Cam Displacement Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 Construction of an Inline Follower Plate Cam Profi le. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 Preparing the Formal Plate Cam Drawing . . . . . . . 688 Construction of an Offset Follower Plate Cam Profi le. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 Drum Cam Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 Introduction to Gears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 Gear Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692 Gear Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 Spur Gear Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696 Drawing Specifi cations and Tolerances . . . . . . . . . 696 Designing and Drawing Spur Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . 696 Designing Spur Gear Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 Designing and Drawing the Rack and Pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Designing and Drawing Bevel Gears . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Designing and Drawing Worm Gears. . . . . . . . . . . 705 Plastic Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 Drawing Bearing Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 Bearing Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 Bearing Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 Gear and Bearing Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 Math Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and Bearings Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and Bearings Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 Chapter 17—Belt and Chain Drives 727 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 727 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Advantages of Gear Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Advantages of Belt Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Advantages of Chain Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Belts and Belt Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Belt Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 Typical Belt Drive Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 Belt Drive Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 Chain Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 Chain Drive Sprockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 Chain Classifi cation and Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 Precision Chains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735 Nonprecision Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 Light-Duty Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 Chain Drive Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Roller Chain Drive Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Belt and Chain Drives Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Belt and Chain Drives Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 Chapter 18— Welding Processes and Representations 745 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 745 Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Elements of Welding Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 Types of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Weld Symbol Leader Arrow Related to Weld Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 Additional Weld Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 Welding Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 Welding Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Prequalifi ed Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Weld Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 Math Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Welding Processes and Representations Test . . . . . 769 Welding Processes and Representations Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 SPECIALTY DRAFTING AND DESIGN Chapter 19— Precision Sheet Metal Drafting 775 776 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 776 Introduction to Precision Sheet Metal Drafting . . . 776 Precision Sheet Metal Layout Options . . . . . . . . . . 777 Precision Sheet Metal Material Bending. . . . . . . . . 782 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Seams and Hems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Roll Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 Material Applications in Sheet Metal Drafting . . . . 791 Precision Sheet Metal Dimensioning Applications . . . 792 Sheet Metal Punch Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798 Precision Sheet Metal Drafting Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Precision Sheet Metal Drafting Problems . . . . . . . . 799 Chapter 20— Electrical and Electronic Drafting 809 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 809 Introduction to Electrical and Electronic Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 Fundamentals of Electrical Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . 811 Generation, Transmission, and Distribution of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814 Electric Power Substation Design Drawings . . . . . 814 Residential and Commercial Electrical Plans . . . . . 819 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Electronic Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Electronic Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 Printed Circuit Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838 Pictorial Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851 Electrical and Electronic Drafting Test. . . . . . . . . . 852 Electrical and Electronic Drafting Problems . . . . . 852 Chapter 21—Industrial Process Piping 868 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 868 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Where Industrial Piping Is Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Pipe Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 Pipe Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Types of Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 Pipe Sizes and Wall Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 Pipe Connection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 Pipe Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881 Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887 Pipe Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 Piping Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 Drawing Sheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910 Drawing Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 Pipe Drafting Layout Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 Industrial Process Piping Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 Industrial Process Piping Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 Chapter 22—Structural Drafting 928 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 928 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 Structural Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 Line Work on Structural Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 Lettering on Structural Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Coordination of Working Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . 933 Structural Drafting Related to Construction Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 Concrete Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 Concrete Block Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945 Wood Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947 Steel Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 Common Connection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969 Components in a Set of Structural Drawings . . . . . 972 Drawing Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983 General Construction Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . 986 Specifi cations for Commercial Construction . . . . . 986 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988 Basic Drawing Layout Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988 Pictorial Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999 Structural Drafting Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 Structural Drafting Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 Chapter 23— Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC), and Pattern Development 1015 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . 1015 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016 Introduction to HVAC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016 HVAC Systems and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021 HVAC Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022 HVAC Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022 Drawing Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038 Duct Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044 Sheet Metal Design and Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 Pattern Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 Establishing Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC), and Pattern Development Test . . . . . 1065 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC), and Pattern Development Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066 Chapter 24—Civil Drafting 1072 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . 1072 Introduction to Survey: Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073 Surveying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075 Plotting Traverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077 Distance and Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078 Property Descriptions in Civil Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082 Beginning a Civil Engineering Drafting Project . . 1084 Introduction to Site Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092 Introduction to Grading Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095 Subdivision Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095 Metrics in Site Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100 Introduction to Site Plan Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100 Site Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101 Laying Out Property Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106 Drawing Contour Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107 Drawing Site Profi les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109 Drawing the Grading Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110 CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113 CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115 CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119 Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120 Civil Drafting Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121 Civil Drafting Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121 ENGINEERING DESIGN Chapter 25— The Engineering Design Process 1129 1130 Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130 The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . 1130 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131 Engineering Design and Industry Management Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131 An Engineering Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134 The Phase Gate Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137 After Full Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147 Creativity and Innovation in Design . . . . . . . . . . 1147 Change and the Impact on the Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149 Design Deliverables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150 The Design Process Responds to Changes in Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150 Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151 Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151 Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153 The Engineering Design Process Test. . . . . . . . . . 1153 The Engineering Design Process Problems . . . . . 1153 ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN STUDENT CD 1157 Descriptive Geometry I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158 Descriptive Geometry II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158 Engineering Charts and Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158 Engineering Drawing and Design Math Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158 Fluid Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158 Appendix A— Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163 Appendix B— Conversion Charts: Table 1—Inches to Millimeters. . . . . . . . . . 1166 Table 2—Millimeters to Inches. . . . . . . . . . 1166 Table 3—Inch/Metric Equivalents . . . . . . . 1166 Table 4— Inch/Metric—Conversion—Length, Area, Capacity, Weight. . . . . . . . . 1167 Appendix C— Mathematical Rules Related to the Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168 Appendix D— General Applications of SAE Steels . . . . . . 1169 Appendix E— Surface Roughness Produced by Common Production Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170 Appendix F— Wire Gages (Inches) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171 Appendix G— Sheet Metal Gages (Inches) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172 Appendix H— Sheet Metal Thicknesses (Millimeters) . . . 1173 Appendix I— Standard Allowances, Tolerances, and Fits . . . 1174 Table 5— Allowances and Tolerances Preferred Hole Basis Fits . . . . . . . 1174 Allowances and Tolerances Preferred Shaft Basis Fits . . . . . . . 1174 Allowances and Tolerances Description of Preferred Fits . . . . 1175 Table 6— American National Standard Fits— Running and Sliding Fits . . . . . . . 1176 American National Standard Fits— Clearance Locational Fits . . . . . . 1178 American National Standard Fits— Transition Locational Fits . . . . . . 1180 American National Standard Fits— Interference Locational Fits. . . . . 1181 American National Standard Fits— Force and Shrink Fits . . . . . . . . . 1182 Table 7— Metric Limits and Fits—Preferred Hole Basis Clearance Fits. . . . . . . 1184 Metric Limits and Fits— Preferred Shaft Basis Clearance Fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1186 Table 8— Metric Tolerance Zones—Metric Tolerance Zones for Internal (Hole) Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . 1188 Metric Tolerance Zones— Tolerance Zones for External (Shaft) Dimensions. . . . 1189 Appendix J— Unifi ed Screw Thread Variations . . . . . . . . . 1190 Table 9— Unifi ed Standard Screw Thread Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191 Appendix K— Metric Screw Thread Variations . . . . . . . . . 1192 Appendix L— ASTM and SAE Grade Markings for Steel Bolts and Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1193 Appendix M— Cap Screw Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194 Table 10— Dimensions of Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts) . . . . . . . . . 1194 Table 11— Dimensions of Hexagon and Spline Socket Head Cap Screws (1960 Series) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195 Table 12— Dimensions of Hexagon and Spline Socket Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196 Table 13— Dimensions of Slotted Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197 Table 14— Dimensions of Slotted Round Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . 1198 Table 15— Dimensions of Slotted Fillister Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . 1198 Appendix N— Machine Screw Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . . . 1199 Table 16— Dimensions of Slotted Flat Countersunk Head Machine Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199 Appendix O— Set Screw Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200 Table 17— Dimensions of Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws . . . . . . 1200 Appendix P— Hex Nut Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202 Table 18— Dimensions of Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . 1202 Appendix Q— Key and Keyseat Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . 1203 Table 19— Woodruff Key Dimensions . . . . 1203 Table 20— Woodruff Keyseat Dimensions . 1205 Table 21— Key Size Versus Shaft Diameter 1207 Table 22— Key Dimensions and Tolerances 1208 Table 23— Gib Head Nominal Dimensions 1208 Table 24— Class 2 Fit for Parallel and Taper Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209 Appendix R— Tap Drill Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210 Table 25— Decimal Equivalents and Tap Drill Sizes (Letter and Number Drill Sizes). . . . . . . . . . 1210 Appendix S— Concrete Reinforcing Bar (Rebar) Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211 Appendix T— Common Welded Wire Reinforcement Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212 Table 26— Wire Size Comparison . . . . . . . . 1212 Table 27— Common Styles of Metric Welded Wire Reinforcement (WWR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214 Appendix U— ASTM A500 Square and Rectangular Structural Tubing Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . 1215 Appendix V— Structural Metal Shape Designations . . . . . 1216 Table 28— W, M, S, and HP Shapes — Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216 Table 29— Channels American Standard and Miscellaneous—Dimensions . . 1221 Appendix W— Corrosion-Resistant Pipe Fittings . . . . . . .