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دانلود کتاب Engineering Drawing and design

دانلود کتاب مهندسی طراحی و طراحی

Engineering Drawing and design

مشخصات کتاب

Engineering Drawing and design

ویرایش: 5th 
نویسندگان:   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 1111309574 
ناشر: Delmar Publishers Inc. 
سال نشر: 2011 
تعداد صفحات: 1330 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 42 مگابایت 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 44,000



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توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب مهندسی طراحی و طراحی

ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN، 5E به خوانندگان خوانندگان را با پوشش A-to-Z از دستورالعمل های طراحی و طراحی که با آخرین استانداردهای ANSI و ASME مطابقت دارد، خوانا ارائه می دهد. این نسخه پنجم سنت برتری بیست ساله خود را با انبوهی از نقشه‌های صنعتی با کیفیت واقعی ادامه می‌دهد که محتوا را نشان می‌دهد و مشکلاتی را برای دنیای واقعی و کاربرد عملی ارائه می‌کند. فرآیند طراحی مهندسی که در ENGINEERING DAWING AND DESIGN، 5E نشان داده شده است، از طراحی محصول واقعی از مفهوم تا تولید پیروی می کند و مشکلات طراحی متنوعی را برای برنامه های کاربردی چالش برانگیز یا برای استفاده به عنوان پروژه های تیمی در اختیار خوانندگان قرار می دهد. همچنین در این کتاب شامل پوشش پیش نویس عمران، 3D CADD، مدل سازی جامد، برنامه های کاربردی پارامتری، و غیره است.


توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی

ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN, 5E provides readers with an easy-to-read, A-to-Z coverage of drafting and design instruction that complies with the latest ANSI & ASME standards. This fifth edition continues its twenty year tradition of excellence with a multitude of actual quality industry drawings that demonstrate content and provide problems for real world, practical application. The engineering design process featured in ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DESIGN, 5E follows an actual product design from concept through manufacturing, and provides readers with a variety of design problems for challenging applications or for use as team projects. Also included in this book is coverage of Civil Drafting, 3D CADD, solid modeling, parametric applications, and more.



فهرست مطالب

Chapter 1— Introduction to Engineering
Drawing and Design 2
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
A History of Engineering Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Drafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Drafting Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Education and Qualifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Drafting Job Opportunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Searching for a Drafting Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Drafting Salaries and Working Conditions . . . . . . . 27
Professional Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Drafting Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Workplace Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Copyrights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Introduction to Engineering Drawing
and Design Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Introduction to Engineering Drawing
and Design Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Chapter 2— Drafting Equipment, Media,
and Reproduction Methods
39
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . . 39
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Manual Drafting Equipment and Supplies . . . . . . . . 41
Drafting Furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Drafting Pencils and Leads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Technical Pens, Pen Cleaning, and Ink . . . . . . . . . . 42
Erasers and Erasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Parallel Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Irregular Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Drafting Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Drafting Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Sheet Size and Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Diazo Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Photocopy Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Properly Folding Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Microfi lm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction
Methods Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction
Methods Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Chapter 3— Computer-Aided Design
and Drafting (CADD)
69
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . . 69
Introduction to Computer-Aided Design
and Drafting (CADD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
The CADD Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
CADD Software Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
CADD Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Industry and CADD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Virtual Reality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Basic CADD Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Surface Modeling Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Solid Modeling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
CADD Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Productivity with CADD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Computer-Aided Design and
Drafting (CADD) Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Computer-Aided Design and
Drafting (CADD) Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Chapter 4— Manufacturing Materials
and Processes
121
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 121
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Manufacturing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Plastics and Polymers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Plastic Resin Identifi cation Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Plastics Material Selection Applications. . . . . . . . . 129
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Material Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Manufacturing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Machine Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Machined Feature and Drawing
Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Manufacturing Plastic Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Thermoset Plastic Fabrication Process. . . . . . . . . . 157
Manufacturing Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Rapid Prototyping (RP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Tool Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) . . . . . 161
Application Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Integration of Computer-Aided Design
and Computer-Aided Manufacturing
(CAD/CAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Statistical Process Control (SPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Math Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Manufacturing Materials and
Processes Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Manufacturing Materials and
Processes Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
FUNDAMENTAL
APPLICATIONS
173
Chapter 5— Sketching Applications
174
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 174
Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Sketching Tools and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Sketching Straight Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Sketching Circular Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Sketching Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Sketching Ellipses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Measurement Lines and Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Introduction to the Block Technique . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Creating Multiview Sketches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Creating Isometric Sketches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Sketching Applications Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Sketching Applications Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Chapter 6 — Lines and Lettering
193
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 193
Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Types of Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Lettering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Lettering on Engineering Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Lettering Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Other Lettering Styles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Lettering Legibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Lines and Lettering Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Lines and Lettering Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Chapter 7—Drafting Geometry
218
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 218
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Drafting Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Characteristics of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Geometric Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Common Geometric Constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Constructing Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Constructing Tangencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Constructing an Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Drafting Geometry Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Drafting Geometry Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
DRAFTING VIEWS
AND ANNOTATIONS
Chapter 8—Multiviews
247
248
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 248
Multiviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Third-Angle Projection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
First-Angle Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
View Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Projection of Contours, Circles, and Arcs . . . . . . . 262
Line Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Multiview Analysis and Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Recommended Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Multiview Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Multiviews Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Multiviews Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Chapter 9—Auxiliary Views
292
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 292
Auxiliary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Auxiliary View Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Drawing Curves in Auxiliary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
View Enlargements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Drawing a Removed Auxiliary View. . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Locating Views on Different Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Drawing a Rotated Auxiliary View . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Secondary Auxiliary Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Auxiliary View Analysis and Review . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Descriptive Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Auxiliary View Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Auxiliary Views Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Auxiliary Views Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Chapter 10— Dimensioning and
Tolerancing
315
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 315
Introduction to Dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Dimensioning Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Dimensioning Characteristics and Defi nitions. . . . 320
Fundamental Dimensioning Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Dimensioning Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Dimensioning Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Dimensioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Dimensioning Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Preferred Dimensioning Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Notes for Machined Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Placing Location Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Specifying Dimension Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Dimensioning Auxiliary Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Using General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Tolerancing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Dimensions Applied to Platings and
Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Maximum and Minimum Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . 361
Casting Drawing and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Machining Allowance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Casting Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Forging, Design, and Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Drawings for Plastic Part Manufacturing . . . . . . . . 369
Machined Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Design and Drafting of Machined Features . . . . . . 373
Tool Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Introduction to ISO 9000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Recommended Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Dimensioning and Tolerancing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Dimensioning and Tolerancing Problems . . . . . . . 384
Chapter 11—Fasteners and Springs
392
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 392
Screw Thread Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Thread-Cutting Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Thread Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Thread Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Drawing Thread Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Drawing Detailed Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Thread Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Measuring Screw Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Threaded Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Thread Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Lag Screws and Wood Screws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Self-Tapping Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Thread Inserts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Self-Clinching Fasteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
How to Draw Various Types of Screw
Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Drawing Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Drawing Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Drawing Dowel Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Taper Pins and Other Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Retaining Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Keys, Keyways, and Keyseats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Designing and Drawing Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Spring Representations and Specifi cations. . . . . . . 426
Recommended Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Fasteners and Springs Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Fasteners and Springs Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Chapter 12— Sections, Revolutions,
and Conventional Breaks
439
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 439
Introduction to Sectional Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Cutting-Plane Lines and Sectional View
Identifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Section Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Full Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Half Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Offset Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Aligned Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Unsectioned Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Intersections in Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Conventional Revolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Broken-Out Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Auxiliary Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Conventional Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Revolved Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Removed Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Locating Sectional Views on Different Sheets . . . . 455
Recommended Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional
Breaks Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Sections, Revolutions, and Conventional
Breaks Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Chapter 13— Geometric Dimensioning
and Tolerancing
475
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 475
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
GD&T Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Applying Material Condition and Material
Boundary Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Limits of Size Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Perfect Form Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Applying Regardless of Feature Size and
Regardless of Material Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Applying Maximum Material Condition . . . . . . . . 496
Applying Least Material Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Application of RMB on a Primary Datum
Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Application of RMB on a Secondary and
Tertiary Datum Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
The Effect of Datum Precedence and
Material Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Introduction to Geometric Characteristic
and Related Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Form Geometric Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Orientation Geometric Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Applying Profi le Geometric Tolerances . . . . . . . . . 532
Runout Geometric Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Specifying Independency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Chapter 14— Pictorial Drawings
and Technical Illustrations
562
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 562
Introduction to Pictorial Drawing and
Technical Illustration Pictorial Drawings . . . . . . 563
Pictorial Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Isometric Projections and Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Types of Isometric Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Isometric Construction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Dimetric Pictorial Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Trimetric Pictorial Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Exploded Pictorial Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Oblique Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Perspective Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Drawing a One-Point Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Drawing a Two-Point Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Drawing a Three-Point Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Drawing Circles and Curves in Perspective . . . . . . 582
Using Basic Shading Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Pictorial Drawing Layout Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 584
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Pictorial Drawings and Technical
Illustrations Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Pictorial Drawings and Technical Illustrations
Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Chapter 15—Working Drawings
595
596
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 596
Introduction to Section Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Introduction to Working Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Detail Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Assembly Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Types of Assembly Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Identifi cation Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Parts Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Purchase Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Engineering Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Drawing From a Prototype. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Analysis of a Set of Working Drawings . . . . . . . . . 620
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Math Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Working Drawings Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Working Drawings Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Chapter 16— Mechanisms: Linkages,
Cams, Gears, and
Bearings
vii
678
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 678
Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Linkage Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Types of Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Cam Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Cam Displacement Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Construction of an Inline Follower Plate
Cam Profi le. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Preparing the Formal Plate Cam Drawing . . . . . . . 688
Construction of an Offset Follower Plate
Cam Profi le. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Drum Cam Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Introduction to Gears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Gear Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Splines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Gear Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Spur Gear Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Drawing Specifi cations and Tolerances . . . . . . . . . 696
Designing and Drawing Spur Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Designing Spur Gear Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Designing and Drawing the Rack
and Pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Designing and Drawing Bevel Gears . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Designing and Drawing Worm Gears. . . . . . . . . . . 705
Plastic Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Drawing Bearing Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Bearing Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Bearing Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Gear and Bearing Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Math Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and
Bearings Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Mechanisms: Linkages, Cams, Gears, and
Bearings Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Chapter 17—Belt and Chain Drives
727
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 727
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Advantages of Gear Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Advantages of Belt Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Advantages of Chain Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Belts and Belt Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Belt Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Typical Belt Drive Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Belt Drive Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Chain Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Chain Drive Sprockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Chain Classifi cation and Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Precision Chains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Nonprecision Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Light-Duty Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Chain Drive Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Roller Chain Drive Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Belt and Chain Drives Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Belt and Chain Drives Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Chapter 18— Welding Processes
and Representations
745
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 745
Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Elements of Welding Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Types of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Weld Symbol Leader Arrow Related to
Weld Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Additional Weld Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Welding Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
Welding Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Prequalifi ed Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Weld Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Math Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Welding Processes and Representations Test . . . . . 769
Welding Processes and Representations
Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
SPECIALTY DRAFTING
AND DESIGN
Chapter 19— Precision Sheet Metal
Drafting
775
776
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 776
Introduction to Precision Sheet Metal Drafting . . . 776
Precision Sheet Metal Layout Options . . . . . . . . . . 777
Precision Sheet Metal Material Bending. . . . . . . . . 782
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Seams and Hems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
Roll Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Material Applications in Sheet Metal Drafting . . . . 791
Precision Sheet Metal Dimensioning Applications . . . 792
Sheet Metal Punch Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 798
Precision Sheet Metal Drafting Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
Precision Sheet Metal Drafting Problems . . . . . . . . 799
Chapter 20— Electrical and Electronic
Drafting
809
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 809
Introduction to Electrical and Electronic
Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Fundamentals of Electrical Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . 811
Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
Electric Power Substation Design Drawings . . . . . 814
Residential and Commercial Electrical Plans . . . . . 819
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Electronic Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Electronic Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Printed Circuit Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838
Pictorial Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Electrical and Electronic Drafting Test. . . . . . . . . . 852
Electrical and Electronic Drafting Problems . . . . . 852
Chapter 21—Industrial Process Piping
868
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 868
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Where Industrial Piping Is Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Pipe Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Pipe Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872
Types of Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
Pipe Sizes and Wall Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
Pipe Connection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Pipe Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Pipe Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Piping Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
Drawing Sheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
Drawing Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
Pipe Drafting Layout Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
Industrial Process Piping Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
Industrial Process Piping Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
Chapter 22—Structural Drafting
928
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . . 928
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
Structural Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
Line Work on Structural Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
Lettering on Structural Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Coordination of Working Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Structural Drafting Related to Construction
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Concrete Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Concrete Block Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Wood Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Steel Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960
Common Connection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
Components in a Set of Structural Drawings . . . . . 972
Drawing Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
General Construction Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . 986
Specifi cations for Commercial Construction . . . . . 986
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
Basic Drawing Layout Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
Pictorial Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999
Structural Drafting Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
Structural Drafting Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
Chapter 23— Heating, Ventilating, and
Air-Conditioning (HVAC),
and Pattern Development 1015
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . 1015
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
Introduction to HVAC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
HVAC Systems and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
HVAC Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
HVAC Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Drawing Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038
Duct Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044
Sheet Metal Design and Drafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Pattern Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Establishing Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
(HVAC), and Pattern Development Test . . . . . 1065
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning
(HVAC), and Pattern Development
Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
Chapter 24—Civil Drafting
1072
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . 1072
Introduction to Survey: Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Surveying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Plotting Traverses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077
Distance and Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078
Property Descriptions in Civil
Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082
Beginning a Civil Engineering Drafting Project . . 1084
Introduction to Site Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092
Introduction to Grading Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095
Subdivision Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095
Metrics in Site Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100
Introduction to Site Plan Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100
Site Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
Laying Out Property Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106
Drawing Contour Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107
Drawing Site Profi les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109
Drawing the Grading Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110
CADD Applications 2-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
CADD Applications 3-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
CADD Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
Math Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120
Civil Drafting Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121
Civil Drafting Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Chapter 25— The Engineering
Design Process
1129
1130
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130
The Engineering Design Application . . . . . . . . 1130
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131
Engineering Design and Industry
Management Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131
An Engineering Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134
The Phase Gate Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
After Full Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147
Creativity and Innovation in Design . . . . . . . . . . 1147
Change and the Impact on the Design
Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Design Deliverables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150
The Design Process Responds to Changes
in Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150
Green Technology Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
Professional Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
Web Site Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
The Engineering Design Process Test. . . . . . . . . . 1153
The Engineering Design Process Problems . . . . . 1153
ENGINEERING
DRAWING AND
DESIGN STUDENT CD
1157
Descriptive Geometry I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
Descriptive Geometry II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
Engineering Charts and Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
Engineering Drawing and
Design Math Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
Fluid Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
Appendix A— Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
Appendix B— Conversion Charts:
Table 1—Inches to Millimeters. . . . . . . . . . 1166
Table 2—Millimeters to Inches. . . . . . . . . . 1166
Table 3—Inch/Metric Equivalents . . . . . . . 1166
Table 4— Inch/Metric—Conversion—Length,
Area, Capacity, Weight. . . . . . . . . 1167
Appendix C— Mathematical Rules Related
to the Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168
Appendix D— General Applications of SAE Steels . . . . . . 1169
Appendix E— Surface Roughness Produced by Common
Production Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
Appendix F— Wire Gages (Inches) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
Appendix G— Sheet Metal Gages (Inches) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
Appendix H— Sheet Metal Thicknesses (Millimeters) . . . 1173
Appendix I— Standard Allowances, Tolerances, and Fits . . . 1174
Table 5— Allowances and Tolerances
Preferred Hole Basis Fits . . . . . . . 1174
Allowances and Tolerances
Preferred Shaft Basis Fits . . . . . . . 1174
Allowances and Tolerances
Description of Preferred Fits . . . . 1175
Table 6— American National Standard Fits—
Running and Sliding Fits . . . . . . . 1176
American National Standard Fits—
Clearance Locational Fits . . . . . . 1178
American National Standard Fits—
Transition Locational Fits . . . . . . 1180
American National Standard Fits—
Interference Locational Fits. . . . . 1181
American National Standard Fits—
Force and Shrink Fits . . . . . . . . . 1182
Table 7— Metric Limits and Fits—Preferred
Hole Basis Clearance Fits. . . . . . . 1184
Metric Limits and Fits—
Preferred Shaft Basis
Clearance Fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1186
Table 8— Metric Tolerance Zones—Metric
Tolerance Zones for Internal
(Hole) Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . 1188
Metric Tolerance Zones—
Tolerance Zones for
External (Shaft) Dimensions. . . . 1189
Appendix J— Unifi ed Screw Thread Variations . . . . . . . . . 1190
Table 9— Unifi ed Standard Screw
Thread Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191
Appendix K— Metric Screw Thread Variations . . . . . . . . . 1192
Appendix L— ASTM and SAE Grade Markings for Steel
Bolts and Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1193
Appendix M— Cap Screw Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194
Table 10— Dimensions of Hex Cap Screws
(Finished Hex Bolts) . . . . . . . . . 1194
Table 11— Dimensions of Hexagon and
Spline Socket Head Cap Screws
(1960 Series) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195
Table 12— Dimensions of Hexagon and
Spline Socket Flat Countersunk
Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196
Table 13— Dimensions of Slotted Flat
Countersunk Head Cap
Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197
Table 14— Dimensions of Slotted Round
Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . 1198
Table 15— Dimensions of Slotted Fillister
Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . 1198
Appendix N— Machine Screw Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . . . 1199
Table 16— Dimensions of Slotted Flat
Countersunk Head Machine
Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
Appendix O— Set Screw Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200
Table 17— Dimensions of Hexagon and
Spline Socket Set Screws . . . . . . 1200
Appendix P— Hex Nut Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202
Table 18— Dimensions of Hex Nuts
and Hex Jam Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . 1202
Appendix Q— Key and Keyseat Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . 1203
Table 19— Woodruff Key Dimensions . . . . 1203
Table 20— Woodruff Keyseat Dimensions . 1205
Table 21— Key Size Versus Shaft Diameter 1207
Table 22— Key Dimensions and Tolerances 1208
Table 23— Gib Head Nominal Dimensions 1208
Table 24— Class 2 Fit for Parallel and
Taper Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209
Appendix R— Tap Drill Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210
Table 25— Decimal Equivalents and Tap
Drill Sizes (Letter and
Number Drill Sizes). . . . . . . . . . 1210
Appendix S— Concrete Reinforcing Bar (Rebar)
Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211
Appendix T— Common Welded Wire Reinforcement
Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212
Table 26— Wire Size Comparison . . . . . . . . 1212
Table 27— Common Styles of Metric
Welded Wire Reinforcement
(WWR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214
Appendix U— ASTM A500 Square and Rectangular
Structural Tubing Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . 1215
Appendix V— Structural Metal Shape Designations . . . . . 1216
Table 28— W, M, S, and HP Shapes —
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216
Table 29— Channels American
Standard and
Miscellaneous—Dimensions . . 1221
Appendix W— Corrosion-Resistant Pipe Fittings . . . . . . .




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