Energy Sustainability and Climate Change in ASEAN (Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific)

Acknowledgements
Introduction
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Impacts of Climate Change and the Mitigation Policies
1 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in South-East Asia—Drought Conditions and Crop Damage Assessment
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Materials and Methods
		1.2.1 Study Area
		1.2.2 Drought Conditions
		1.2.3 Crop Damage Assessment
	1.3 Results and Discussion
		1.3.1 Drought Conditions During Crop-Growing Seasons
		1.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Drought Intensity
		1.3.3 Drought Impacts and Policy Implications
	1.4 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
	Appendix A
	References
2 Management of Natural Forests for Carbon Emission Reductions Through Improved Logging Practices and Wood Bioenergy Use
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Study Methods and Materials
		2.2.1 Commercial Logging and Wood Waste
		2.2.2 Production Forests in Southeast Asia
		2.2.3 Logging, Carbon Stocks, Emission Reductions, and Carbon Revenues
		2.2.4 Wood Biomass, Bioenergy, and Emission Reductions
	2.3 Results and Discussions
		2.3.1 Harvested Timber and Wood Products
		2.3.2 Carbon Stock Changes and Emission Reductions
		2.3.3 Biomass, Bioenergy, and Emission Reductions
		2.3.4 Total Emission Reductions Through Forest Management for Timber and Bioenergy
	2.4 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
	References
3 Vehicle Technology Impact Assessment Model for Indonesia (VEIA-ID): Concept and First Results
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Modelling Concept
		3.2.1 Transport Demand Module
		3.2.2 Fleet Module
		3.2.3 Environmental Module
		3.2.4 Software Development
	3.3 Economic and Energy Market Assumptions
	3.4 Results
		3.4.1 Baseline Scenario
		3.4.2 Alternative Scenarios
	3.5 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
	Appendix 1: Road Freight Vehicle Types
	Appendix 2: Car types
	References
4 Assessment of the Forest Carbon Balance Due to Deforestation and Plantation Forestry in Southeast Asia
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Southeast Asia’s Forests
	4.3 Study Methods and Materials
		4.3.1 Forest Types and Land Use Categories in Southeast Asia
		4.3.2 Carbon Stocks in Southeast Asian Forests
		4.3.3 Forest Management and Plantation Forestry
		4.3.4 Forest Land Use Model
		4.3.5 Carbon Balance Model
	4.4 Results and Discussions
		4.4.1 Changes in Forest Area in Southeast Asia (2000–2030)
		4.4.2 Timber Production from Natural and Plantation Forests
		4.4.3 Carbon Loss and Gain in Southeast Asia
		4.4.4 Carbon Emissions and Removals Due to Deforestation, Logging, and Forestry Plantation
	4.5 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
	References
5 ASEAN Energy Landscape and Emissions: The Modelling Scenarios and Policy Implications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Literature Review
		5.2.1 Global Commitment to Emissions Reduction (COP 21)
		5.2.2 ASEAN and EU Energy Policy Directions
		5.2.3 Review of INDCs’ Emissions Reduction Commitments and Targets by ASEAN Member States
	5.3 Methodology and Scenario Assumptions
	5.4 Results and Analyses
	5.5 Implications of the Scenario Results
	5.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	Annex
	References
6 Expediting Transition Towards HELE Coal-Fired Electricity Generation Technologies in Southeast Asia: A Comparative Economic Analysis of HELE and Subcritical Coal-Fired Technologies
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methodology
		6.2.1 LCOE
		6.2.2 Scenario Descriptions
		6.2.3 General Assumptions
		6.2.4 Cost Assumptions and Methodologies
	6.3 Results
	6.4 Discussion
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
Part II Policy Measures for Promoting Renewable Energy Projects
7 Utilising Green Finance for Sustainability: Empirical Analysis of the Characteristics of Green Bond Markets
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Literature Review
		7.2.1 An Introduction to Green Finance and Green Bonds
		7.2.2 Characteristics and Challenges of Green Bonds
	7.3 Methodology and Data Description
		7.3.1 Data and Description of Variables
		7.3.2 Methodology
	7.4 Empirical Analysis
		7.4.1 Summary Statistics
		7.4.2 Mean–Variance Analysis
		7.4.3 Regression Analysis
		7.4.4 Test and Diagnostics
	7.5 Conclusion and Policy Implications
		7.5.1 Conclusion and Further Steps
		7.5.2 Policy Implications
	Appendix
		Appendix 1: Summary Statistics with the Reduced Sample, Using Data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance
		Appendix 2: Summary Statistics by Sector
		Appendix 3: Theoretical Framework for Policy Recommendation
	References
8 Potential Green Hydrogen from Curtailed Electricity in ASEAN: The Scenarios and Policy Implications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 The Study’s Objectives and Structure
	8.3 Literature Review
		8.3.1 Hydrogen Adoption and Development
		8.3.2 Selected Pathways of Hydrogen Production Processes
	8.4 Methodology and Scenario Assumptions
	8.5 Results and Discussion
		8.5.1 Potential Renewable Hydrogen from Curtailed Electricity
		8.5.2 Hydrogen, an Enabler to Scale up Variable Renewable Energy
		8.5.3 Need to Reduce Renewable Hydrogen Production Cost
		8.5.4 Need for Renewable Hydrogen Development Policies in ASEAN
	8.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications
	References
9 Green Technology Development and Deployment in the ASEAN—Lessons Learned and Ways Forward
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Current Status of Renewable Energy Deployment in ASEAN
	9.3 Green Innovation and Alternative Energy Options in ASEAN
		9.3.1 Nuclear Energy
		9.3.2 Carbon Capture and Storage
		9.3.3 Hydrogen Energy
	9.4 Policy Recommendations
		9.4.1 Transitioning Towards a Hydrogen-Carbon Economy
		9.4.2 Adapting Green Energy Financing for Green Deployment
		9.4.3 Managing Risks
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
10 Innovation Management and Productivity in Sustainable Energy—The Case of Biomass Fuel Manufacturers in Malaysia and Thailand
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 ASEAN, Biomass, and Sustainable Energy Development
		10.2.1 Biomass Potential in ASEAN
		10.2.2 Biomass Policy Issues and Challenges
	10.3 Innovation Management in Biomass Technology
	10.4 Case Study: Innovation Management
		10.4.1 Firms and Their Innovations
		10.4.2 Analysis of the Adoption of Innovation Management
	10.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
11 Harnessing Wind Energy Potential in ASEAN: Principles, Perspectives and Policy Implications
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Harnessing Potential Wind Energy
		11.2.1 Prospects
		11.2.2 Drag Factors
		11.2.3 Positive Signs of Harnessing Wind Energy
	11.3 Principles of Wind Energy
		11.3.1 Wind Energy as Kinetic Energy
		11.3.2 Kinetic Energy in a Wind Turbine: Calculation
		11.3.3 Economic Considerations of Wind Energy
		11.3.4 Unit or Levelised Costs of Wind Energy
	11.4 Methodology, Assumptions, and Data
		11.4.1 Methodology
		11.4.2 Assumptions
		11.4.3 Data
		11.4.4 Scenarios
	11.5 Results, Discussions, and Policy Implications
		11.5.1 No Wind Energy
		11.5.2 Actual Business-As-Usual Scenario and REmap Scenario
	11.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	References
12 Sustainability and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic-Generation Systems in ASEAN Countries
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Sustainable Approach of Solar PV Systems
		12.2.1 Life-Cycle Analysis
		12.2.2 Environmental Indicators for the PV System Life Cycle
	12.3 Economic and Sustainable Performance of PV Systems
		12.3.1 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
		12.3.2 Discounted Payback and Internal Rate of Return
		12.3.3 Levelised Cost of Energy
	12.4 Case Studies
		12.4.1 Background
		12.4.2 Life-Cycle Analysis of PV Systems
		12.4.3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of PV Systems
	12.5 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
	References
13 Understanding Quality Energy-Related Infrastructure Development in the Mekong Subregion: Key Drivers and Policy Implications
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 The Study’s Approach
	13.3 Review on Regional Initiatives for Infrastructure Development
		13.3.1 Initiatives for Quality Infrastructure
	13.4 The Economic Impacts of Connectivity and Infrastructure Investment
		13.4.1 The Economic Impacts of Connectivity in the Mekong Subregion
		13.4.2 Infrastructure Investment Projects in the Mekong Subregion
	13.5 Energy Landscape in the Mekong Subregion
		13.5.1 Energy Supply in the Mekong Subregion
		13.5.2 Final Energy Consumption in the Mekong Subregion
		13.5.3 Power Generation Mix in the Mekong Subregion
		13.5.4 Required Power Generation Investment to Meet Rising Demand in the Mekong Subregion
		13.5.5 Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Mekong Subregion
	13.6 Energy Transition in the Mekong Subregion
	13.7 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	References