Energy Storage for Modern Power System Operations

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction to Energy Storage Systems
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 Basic Components of Energy Storage Systems
	1.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems
		1.2.1 Chemical Energy Storage System
		1.2.2 Mechanical Energy Storage System
		1.2.3 Electromagnetic Energy Storage System
		1.2.4 Electrostatic Energy Storage System
		1.2.5 Electrochemical Energy Storage System
		1.2.6 Thermal Energy Storage System
	1.3 Terminology Used in ESS
	1.4 Applications of ESS
	1.5 Comparative Analysis of Cost and Technical Parameters of ESSs
	1.6 Analysis of Energy Storage Techniques
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2 Storage Technology Perspective in Modern Power System
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Significance of Storage Technologies in Renewable Integration
	2.3 Overview of Current Developments in Electrical Energy Storage Technologies
	2.4 Commercial Aspects of Energy Storage Technologies
	2.5 Reducing the Costs of Storage Systems
	2.6 Energy Storage Economics – A View Through Current Scenario
	2.7 Implications for Researchers, Practitioners, and Policymakers
	2.8 Regulatory Considerations – A Need for Reform
	2.9 Discussion
	2.10 Conclusions
	2.11 Trends and Technological Modernizations – A Look Into What the Future Might Bring
	References
3 Virtual Inertia Provision Through Energy Storage Technologies
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Virtual Inertia-Based Frequency Control
		3.2.1 Concept of Virtual Inertia
		3.2.2 Virtual Inertia Emulation
	3.3 Impact of Low System Inertia on Power System Voltage and Operation & Control Due to Large Share of Renewables
	3.4 Control Methods for Inertia Emulation in RES-Based Power Systems
		3.4.1 Control Methods Without ESS for Frequency Control
		3.4.2 Control Methods with ESS for Frequency Control
			3.4.2.1 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)
			3.4.2.2 Super Capacitors and Ultra-Capacitors
			3.4.2.3 Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS)
			3.4.2.4 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS)
	3.5 Challenges
	References
4 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle
	4.3 Types of Electric Vehicles
		4.3.1 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
		4.3.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
		4.3.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
	4.4 Review of Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle Applications
		4.4.1 Key Attributes of Battery Technologies
		4.4.2 Widely Used Battery Technologies
		4.4.3 Alternate Energy Storage Solutions
	4.5 Electric Vehicle Charging Schemes
	4.6 Issues and Challenges of ESSs in EV Applications
	4.7 Recent Advancements in the Storage Technologies of EVs
	4.8 Factors, Challenges and Problems in Sustainable Electric Vehicle
	4.9 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
5 Fast-Acting Electrical Energy Storage Systems for Frequency Regulation
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Significance of Fast-Acting Electrical Energy Storage (EES) System in Frequency Regulation
		5.1.2 Capacitive Energy Storage (CES)
			5.1.2.1 Basic Configuration of CES
			5.1.2.2 CES Control Logic
		5.1.3 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
			5.1.3.1 Constructional and Working Details of SMES
			5.1.3.2 Basic Configuration of SMES
			5.1.3.3 SMES Block Diagram Presentation
			5.1.3.4 Benefits Over Other Energy Storage Methods
		5.1.4 Advantages of CES Over SMES [22, 23]
	5.2 Case Study to Investigate the Impact of CES and SMES in Modern Power System
		5.2.1 Literature Review
		5.2.2 Modeling of the System Under Study
		5.2.3 Control Approach
	5.3 Impact of Fast-Acting EES Systems on the Frequency Regulation Services of Modern Power Systems
		5.3.1 System Model-1
		5.3.2 System Model-2
	5.4 Conclusion
	Appendix A
		Power system data
	References
6 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell and Its Control
	Abbreviations
	Symbols and Molecular Formulae
	Nomenclature
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Fuel Cells
		6.2.1 Different Types of Fuel Cells
		6.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages
		6.2.3 Applications in Modern Power System
	6.3 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell
		6.3.1 Mathematical Modeling
			6.3.3.1 Constant Voltage Control
			6.3.3.2 Constant Fuel Utilization Control
		6.3.2 Linearization
		6.3.3 Control Schemes for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Based Power System
	6.4 Illustration of a Case Study on Control of Grid-Connected SOFC
	6.5 Recent Trend in Fuel Cell Technologies
		6.5.1 Techno-Economic Comparison
		6.5.2 Market and Policy Barriers
	6.6 Summary and Future Scope
	Acknowledgement
	References
7 Lithium-Ion vs. Redox Flow Batteries – A Techno-Economic Comparative Analysis for Isolated Microgrid System
	7.1 Introduction to Battery Energy Storage System
		7.1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery
		7.1.2 Redox Flow Batteries
	7.2 Role of Battery Energy Storage System in Microgrids
	7.3 Case Study to Investigate the Impact of Li-Ion and VRFB Energy Storage System in Microgrid System
		7.3.1 System Modelling
		7.3.2 Evaluation Criteria for a Microgrid System
		7.3.3 Load and Resource Assessment
	7.4 Results and Discussion
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 Role of Energy Storage Systems in the Micro-Grid Operation in Presence of Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources and Load Growth
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Techniques and Classification of Energy Storage Technologies Used in Hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grids
		8.1.2 Applications and Benefits of Energy Storage Systems in the Microgrid System
			8.1.2.1.1 Renewable Energy Sources Integration
			8.1.2.1.2 System Reliability
			8.1.2.1.3 Voltage Control
			8.1.2.1.4 Peak Load Shaving
			8.1.2.1.5 Frequency Response
			8.1.2.1.6 Emergency Back-Up/Black Start
		8.1.3 Importance of Appropriate Configuration of Energy Storage System in Micro-Grid
			8.1.3.1 Decentralized Control
			8.1.3.2 Centralized Control
			8.1.3.3 Coordinated Control
			8.1.3.4 Topology of BESS and PCS
			8.1.3.5 Battery Management System
	8.2 Concept of Micro-Grid Energy Management
		8.2.1 Concept of Micro-Grid
		8.2.2 Benefits of Micro-Grids
		8.2.3 Overview of MGEM
	8.3 Modelling of Renewable Energy Sources and Battery Storage System
	8.4 Uncertainty of Load Demand and Renewable Energy Sources
	8.5 Demand Response Programs in Micro-Grid System
		8.5.1 Modelling of Price Elasticity of Demand
		8.5.2 Load Control in Time-Based Rate DR Program
		8.5.3 Load Control in Incentive-Based DR Program
	8.6 Economic Analysis of Micro-Grid System
	8.7 Results and Discussions
		8.7.1 Dispatch Schedule Without Demand Response
		8.7.2 Dispatch Schedule with Demand Response
		8.7.3 Micro-Grid Resiliency
		8.7.4 BESS for Emergency DG Replacement
	8.8 Conclusions
	List of Symbols and Indices
	References
9 Role of Energy Storage System in Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in Active Distribution Network
	Nomenclature
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Background
		9.1.2 Motivation and Aim
		9.1.3 Related Work
		9.1.4 Main Contributions
	9.2 Active Distribution Network
	9.3 Uncertainties Modelling of Renewable Energy Sources and Load
		9.3.1 Uncertainty of Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation
		9.3.2 Uncertainty of Wind Power Generation
		9.3.3 Voltage Dependent Load Modelling (VDLM)
		9.3.4 Proposed Stochastic Variable Module for Uncertainties Modelling
		9.3.5 Modelling of Energy Storage System
		9.3.6 Basic Concept of Conservation Voltage Reduction
		9.3.7 Framework of Proposed Two-Stage Coordinated Optimization Model
		9.3.8 Proposed Problem Formulation
			9.3.8.1 Investments Constraints
		9.3.9 Proposed Solution Methodology
		9.3.10 Simulation Results and Discussions
			9.3.10.1 Simulation Platform
			9.3.10.2 Data and Assumptions
			9.3.10.3 Numerical Results and Discussions
			9.3.10.4 Effect of Voltage Profile
			9.3.10.5 Effect of Energy Losses and Consumption
			9.3.10.6 Effect of Energy Not Served and Carbon Emissions
			9.3.10.7 Performance of Proposed Hybrid Optimization Solver
		9.3.11 Conclusion
	References
10 Inclusion of Energy Storage System with Renewable Energy Resources in Distribution Networks
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Optimal Allocation of ESSs in Modern Distribution Networks
		10.2.1 ESS Allocation (Siting and Sizing)
		10.2.2 ESS Allocation Methods
	10.3 Applications of ESS in Modern Distribution Networks
		10.3.1 ESS Applications at the Generation and Distribution Side
		10.3.2 ESS Applications at the End-Consumer Side
	10.4 Different Types of ESS Technologies Employed for Sustainable Operation of Power Networks
	10.5 Case Study
		10.5.1 Proposed Two-Layer Optimization Framework and Problem Formulation
			10.5.1.1 Upper-Layer Optimization
			10.5.1.2 Internal-Layer Optimization
			10.5.1.3 Problem Constraints
			10.5.1.4 Proposed Management Strategies for BESS Deployment
		10.5.2 Results and Discussions
		10.5.3 Conclusions
	10.6 Future Research and Recommendations
	Appendix A
	Acknowledgement
	References
Index
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