Energy Savings by Wastes Recycling (Eur)

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......Page 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 8
CONTENTS......Page 9
1.1 Study Objectives......Page 14
1.2 Scope of Study......Page 15
1.3 Approach......Page 16
1.5 Glossary......Page 17
1.6 Units Used......Page 18
1.7 Acknowledgements......Page 19
2.1.2 Methods of recycling municipal refuse......Page 20
2.1.3 Methods of direct energy recovery......Page 22
2.1.4 Constraints to further recovery......Page 23
2.2.1 Unit energy savings through recycling......Page 24
2.2.2 Comparison of unit energy savings from recycling and direct energy recovery processes......Page 29
2.3.1 Mitigating factors......Page 30
2.3.2 Estimated total energy savings potential......Page 31
2.4.2 Materials recycling......Page 34
2.4.3 Direct energy recovery/thermal conversion of secondary materials......Page 36
3.1 Introduction......Page 38
3.2.1 Waste arisings and current recovery levels......Page 39
3.3.1 Waste arisings and current recovery levels......Page 41
3.4.1 Waste arisings and current recovery levels......Page 43
3.5.1 Waste arisings and current recovery levels......Page 44
3.6.1 Waste arisings and current recovery level......Page 46
3.7.1 Waste arisings and current recovery level......Page 47
3.8 Waste Quantities Available for Recovery......Page 48
4.2 Material Recovery......Page 52
4.2.1 Source separation schemes......Page 53
4.2.2 Mechanical separation schemes......Page 54
4.2.3 Source separation and mechanical recovery compared......Page 56
4.3.1 Incineration......Page 58
4.3.2 Refuse derived fuel......Page 59
4.3.3 Pyrolysis/gasification......Page 60
4.4.1 Markets for Recovered Materials......Page 63
4.4.2 Markets for Fuels......Page 70
4.4.3 Other Factors Affecting Recovery......Page 71
5.1 Introduction......Page 74
5.2.1 Introduction......Page 75
5.2.2 Examples of energy consumption in aluminium production—primary and secondary materials......Page 76
5.2.3 Energy consumption in scrap recovery......Page 78
5.3 Plastics......Page 82
5.4.2 Waste paper as a substitute for virgin pulp Examples of energy savings calculations......Page 83
5.4.3 Unit energy savings adopted......Page 85
5.5.2 Energy in glass container production......Page 86
5.5.3 Energy savings available through cullet substitution......Page 90
5.5.4 Unit energy savings adopted......Page 91
5.5.5 Reusable containers......Page 92
5.6.1 Materials produced......Page 93
5.6.2 Primary process energy......Page 94
5.6.3 Secondary process energy......Page 97
5.7.1 Material production......Page 98
5.7.3 Secondary production......Page 99
5.7.4 Unit: energy savings......Page 100
5.8.1 Refuse collection......Page 101
5.9 Transport Energy......Page 103
5.9.1 Road transport......Page 104
5.9.2 Railway transport......Page 105
5.9.4 Conclusion......Page 106
6.2 Plastics......Page 108
6.2.1 Calorific value of plastics......Page 109
6.2.2 Direct incineration......Page 110
6.2.4 Thermal conversion......Page 112
6.3.1 Calorific value of paper and board......Page 113
6.3.2 Processes for thermal conversion......Page 114
6.4.1 Calorific value of rubber......Page 115
6.4.2 Processes for thermal conversion......Page 116
6.4.3 Thermal conversion......Page 117
6.5.2 Calorific value......Page 118
6.5.3 Processes for thermal conversion......Page 119
6.5.4 Thermal conversion efficiencies......Page 120
6.6.2 Calorific value of RDF and conversion efficiency......Page 121
6.7 Comparison of Unit Energy Yields by Thermal Conversion Processes......Page 123
7.2.1 Municipal wastes......Page 126
7.3 Potential Quantities of Materials Available for Thermal Conversion......Page 128
7.4 Allowance for Energy Savings which Occur Outside EEC......Page 129
7.4.2 Unit energy savings available to EEC......Page 130
7.5.1 Introduction......Page 131
7.5.3 Energy yields through thermal conversion......Page 133
7.5.4 Summary......Page 134
8.1 Introduction......Page 138
8.2.2 Economic/social approach......Page 139
8.3.1 Introduction......Page 140
8.3.2 Aluminium......Page 142
8.3.4 Waste paper......Page 143
8.3.5 Glass......Page 145
8.4 Possible Action for Promoting Thermal Conversion of Combustible Material......Page 146
8.4.1 Institutional/Organisational Considerations......Page 147
8.4.2 EEC action in respect of thermal conversion......Page 148
Appendix A WASTE ARISINGS AND MATERIAL RECOVERY RATES FOR EEC MEMBER STATES......Page 152
Appendix A1 REFUSE COMPOSITION IN THE EEC......Page 168
B1 ALUMINIUM......Page 174
B2 PLASTICS......Page 178
B3 WASTE PAPER......Page 183
B4 GLASS......Page 187
B5 RUBBER......Page 190
B6 WOOD......Page 199
C1 Mechanical Sorting and Separation......Page 206
C2 Separation at Source......Page 217
Appendix D SYSTEMS FOR THERMAL CONVERSION BY PYROLYSIS......Page 224
Appendix E MODIFICATIONS TO ENERGY SAVINGS DUE TO THE IMPORT OF MATERIAL (raw, semi-processed and processed) FROM OUTSIDE EUR 10......Page 234
Appendix F LIST OF CONTACTS......Page 246