Energy Master Planning Toward Net Zero Energy Resilient Public Communities Guide

Editor and Contributors\nPreface\n	The International Energy Agency\n	The IEA Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme\n	The Executive Committee\nAcknowledgments\nExecutive Summary\n	Energy Master Planning and Community Planning\n	Lessons Learned from Case Studies\n	Energy Planning as a Part of the Community Master Plan\n	Energy Master Planning Concept\n	Establishing Framing Goals and Constraints\n	Energy System Resilience\n	Selection of Energy System Architecture and Technologies\n	Energy Resilience of Interacting Networks (ERIN) Tool\n	Multicriteria Analysis of Alternatives and Scenario Selection\n	Implementation\n	Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)\n	Major Barriers for EMP Implementation Using ESPC and Utility Energy Savings Contract (UESC)\n	Structure of the Guide\n	References\nContents\nList of Charts\nList of Figures\nList of Tables\nChapter 1: Introduction\n	1.1 Energy Master Planning and Community Planning\n	1.2 Lessons Learned from Case Studies\n	1.3 Structure of the Guide\n	References\nChapter 2: Energy Planning as a Part of the Community Master Plan\n	References\nChapter 3: Methodology of Energy Planning Process\n	3.1 Concept\n	3.2 Establishing Boundaries of the Analysis\n	3.3 Establishing Framing Goals and Constraints\n	3.4 Establishing Baseline\n	3.5 Establishing the Base Case\n	3.6 Establishing Energy System Alternatives\n	3.7 Mission Criticality Assessment\n	3.8 Threat Assessment\n	3.9 Mission-Critical Loads and Energy Resiliency Matrix\n	3.10 Resiliency Analysis and Gap Evaluation\n	3.11 Comparing Alternatives\n	3.12 Multicriteria Decision Analysis\n	3.13 Developing Implementation Strategy\n	3.14 Assembling, Reviewing, and Finalizing Document\n	References\nChapter 4: Establishing Energy Use-Related Goals and Design Constraints\n	4.1 How to Establish Energy Use Requirements and Targets\n		4.1.1 Identifying Existing Energy Use Requirements\n		4.1.2 Developing Your Own Energy Use Requirements or Targets\n		4.1.3 Identifying Energy Use Targets for Communities (vs. Individual Buildings)\n		4.1.4 Establishing Targets via Modeling Versus a Measured Data Approach\n	4.2 Establishing Energy-Related Sustainability Goals and Requirements\n		4.2.1 Reliability of Energy Supply\n		4.2.2 Economic Viability of Energy Options\n		4.2.3 Environmental Impact\n		4.2.4 Resiliency of Energy Systems\n	4.3 Establishing Energy-Related Resilience Goals and Requirements\n	4.4 Identifying and Assessing Your EMP Design Constraints\n		4.4.1 Identifying Your EMP Design Constraints\n		4.4.2 Energy Master Planning Framing Constraints\n	4.5 Natural Constraints: Locational Threats\n	4.6 Natural Constraints: Locational Resources\n	4.7 Energy and Water Distribution and Storage Systems Constraints\n	4.8 Building and Facility Constraints\n	4.9 Indoor Environment Constraints\n	4.10 Equipment in Buildings and District Systems Constraints\n		4.10.1 Assessing the Limits of Natural Constraints\n			4.10.1.1 Assessing Natural Constraints\n			4.10.1.2 Assessing Limits for Locational Threats\n			4.10.1.3 Assessing Limits for Resource Constraints\n		4.10.2 Applying Framing Constraint Limits\n		4.10.3 Decision-Making to Reach Design Options\n		4.10.4 The Hierarchy of Applying Constraints\n		4.10.5 Identifying Soft and Hard Constraint Limits\n		4.10.6 Applying the Constraint Limits to Reach EMP Solution Options\n	References\nChapter 5: Defining, Measuring, and Assigning Resilience Requirements\n	5.1 Introduction\n	5.2 Quantifying Energy System Resilience\n		5.2.1 Energy System Robustness\n			5.2.1.1 Defining Energy System Robustness\n			5.2.1.2 Energy System Recovery\n		5.2.2 Energy Availability\n			5.2.2.1 Defining Energy Availability (EA)\n			5.2.2.2 Evaluating Energy Reliability\n			5.2.2.3 Evaluating Energy System Robustness\n			5.2.2.4 Threat Severity\n	5.3 Power and Thermal Energy Requirements for Resilience Metrics\n		5.3.1 Power Systems\n			5.3.1.1 Criticality\n			5.3.1.2 Remoteness (System Repairability)\n			5.3.1.3 Facility Redundancy\n			5.3.1.4 Categories for Energy Availability and Recovery\n			5.3.1.5 Recommended Requirements for Energy Availability (EA) and Maximum Single Event Downtime (MaxSEDT)\n		5.3.2 Thermal Systems\n			5.3.2.1 Maximum Single Event Downtime of Thermal System\n			5.3.2.2 Blue Sky and Emergency Energy Demands\n	5.4 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 6: Data Required for Energy Master Planning and Resilience Analysis\n	References\nChapter 7: Selection of Energy System Architecture and Technologies\n	7.1 Introduction\n	7.2 Overview of Methodology for the Selection of Energy System Architecture and Technologies\n	7.3 How to Approach Energy System Selection\n		7.3.1 System Analysis\n		7.3.2 Bidirectional Planning\n		7.3.3 Thermal Networks\n		7.3.4 Thermal Network Temperatures\n		7.3.5 Combined Heat and Power (CHP)\n		7.3.6 Renewable Energy\n		7.3.7 Thermal Storage for Heat or Cold\n		7.3.8 Miscellaneous Measures to Protect Energy Systems and Improve Their Resilience\n	7.4 Selecting System Architecture\n	7.5 Alternatives for Thermal Networks\n	7.6 Energy Supply Alternatives for Mission-Critical Facilities\n		7.6.1 Electrical Systems and Microgrids\n		7.6.2 Thermal Supply Systems\n	7.7 Energy System Architectures\n		7.7.1 Architecture Templates\n		7.7.2 Schematics\n		7.7.3 Symbols\n		7.7.4 Categorization\n		7.7.5 Identification of Resources and Constraints\n		7.7.6 Identification of Technology Options\n		7.7.7 Examples of System Architectures\n			7.7.7.1 The University of British Columbia\n			7.7.7.2 The Technical University of Denmark (DTU)\n			7.7.7.3 Taarnby Sustainable Urban Development\n			7.7.7.4 Smart Thermal Loop (STL)\n	7.8 Technologies Database\n	References\nChapter 8: Energy Performance Calculation Method of Complex Energy Systems\n	8.1 Introduction\n	8.2 Process Overview\n		8.2.1 General\n		8.2.2 Conceptual Core of the Resilience Tool Engine\n	8.3 Inputs and Outputs of the Resilience Tool Engine\n		8.3.1 Calculation Tool Input File Format\n		8.3.2 Tool Outputs\n	8.4 Relation with Other Tools\n		8.4.1 Microgrid Design Tool (MDT) and Performance and Reliability Module (PRM)\n		8.4.2 Energy Resilience Analysis (ERA) Tool\n		8.4.3 REopt and REopt Lite\n		8.4.4 System Master Planner and NZI-Opt\n		8.4.5 Unique Contributions\n	8.5 Interactions with Other Tools\n	8.6 Example Analysis Using Resilience Tool Engine\n	8.7 Integration of ERIN with the Simple Master Planner (SMPL) Tool\n		8.7.1 Development of Load Profiles\n		8.7.2 Creation of Sources and Equipment\n		8.7.3 Creation of Networks\n		8.7.4 Scenarios and Design Basis Threats\n		8.7.5 ERIN Simulation\n		8.7.6 Organization and Presentation of Results\n		8.7.7 Summary and Future Work\n	References\nChapter 9: Multicriteria Analysis of Alternatives and Scenario Selection: Integrating Economic, Energy, and Resiliency Targets\nChapter 10: Economics of Energy Master Plan Implementation\n	10.1 Introduction\n	10.2 EMP Scope and Life-Cycle Cost\n		10.2.1 Scope\n		10.2.2 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis\n		10.2.3 Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Community Projects: Multiple Benefits\n		10.2.4 Decision-Making by Comparing EMP Alternatives\n	10.3 How to Calculate Risk and Resilience Costs and Benefits\n		10.3.1 Practical Approaches for Resilience Value\n		10.3.2 Practical Approaches for the Resilience Value (2)\n	10.4 Methodology of LCCA Analysis of Energy Systems with Enhanced Resilience\n	10.5 LCCA Variation Calculation: Economic Key Risk Factors (KRFs) and Key Risk Indicators (KRIs) for Community Energy Systems\n	10.6 Business Models\n		10.6.1 Introduction\n		10.6.2 Context and Technical Scope of the EMP in Communities\n		10.6.3 Selection of Business Models in Community Projects\n			10.6.3.1 Scope 1: EMP Design Phase\n			10.6.3.2 Scope 2: Implementation Preparation Phase\n			10.6.3.3 Scope 3: Financing Phase\n			10.6.3.4 Scope 4: Construction Phase\n			10.6.3.5 Scope 5: Operation Services\n			10.6.3.6 Scope 6: End of Term Phase (In Project with Fixed End of Term Definition)\n	10.7 Description of Most Common Business Models for Communities\n		10.7.1 Appropriated Funding and Execution Model\n		10.7.2 Fixed Payment Model and Utility Fixed Repayment Model\n		10.7.3 Energy (Saving) Performance Contracting (ESPC) Model\n		10.7.4 UESC\n		10.7.5 Blended Funding (Public and Private Combined Funding)\n		10.7.6 Combined Energy and Non-energy Projects with Participation of ESCOs\n		10.7.7 ESPC Energy Sales Agreements\n		10.7.8 Power Purchase Agreements\n		10.7.9 Enhanced Use Lease (EUL)\n	References\nAppendices\n	Appendix A. Building Metrics and EMP Framing Constraints for Different Countries\n		A.1 Building Energy Use Maximums (Limits), Targets, and Related Metrics for Different Countries\n		A.2 Summary of EMP Framing Constraints and Limits That Affect Technology Selection by Country\n	Appendix B. Case Studies Summary\n		B.1 Introduction\n		B.2 Case Study Overview\n		B.3 Categorization of Case Studies\n			B.3.1 Climate\n			B.3.2 Energy System\n			B.3.3 Drivers\n			B.3.4 Financing and Business Models\n		B.4 Lessons Learned in Best Practices\n			B.4.1 Success Factors\n			B.4.2 Bottlenecks\n			B.4.3 Lessons Learned\n		B.5 Lessons Learned Regarding Energy Master Planning\n			B.5.1 Resilience\n			B.5.2 Available Resources\n			B.5.3 Organizational Matters\n			B.5.4 Communication\n			B.5.5 Team/Structure\n			B.5.6 Financing/Economics\n			B.5.7 Framework\n			B.5.8 Technology\n				B.5.8.1 District Energy Systems\n				B.5.8.2 Advantages of District Heating and Cooling\n				B.5.8.3 Planning\n			B.5.9 Goals and Framework\n			B.5.10 Simulation\n			B.5.11 Monitoring\n			B.5.12 Involvement of Users/Operators\n			B.5.13 Motivation/Mobilization\n		B.6 Conclusion\n	Appendix C. Mission-Critical Functions, Facilities, and Their Energy Needs\n		C.1 Introduction\n		C.2 Critical Function\n		C.3 Determination of Mission-Critical Functions and Facilities\n		C.4 Energy Requirements for Mission-Critical Operations\n		C.5 Power Systems\n			C.5.1 Uninterruptible, Essential, and Nonessential Electrical Loads\n			C.5.2 Electric System Classes\n				C.5.2.1 Data Centers and Other Buildings with Computing Capability\n				C.5.2.2 Healthcare Facilities\n				C.5.2.3 Energy Requirements for Food Storage\n	Appendix D. Requirements for Building Thermal Conditions Under Normal and Emergency Operations in Extreme Climates\n		D.1 Introduction\n		D.2 Normal (Blue Sky) Operating Conditions\n		D.3 Emergency (Black Sky) Operating Conditions\n		D.4 Thermal Requirements for Unoccupied Spaces\n		D.5 Recommendations\n	Appendix E. Best Practices of Energy System Architecture\n		E.1 Introduction\n		E.2 Solutions for Energy Generation Within the Community\n		E.3 Best Practice Examples\n		E.4 Generation Outside the Community\n		E.5 Solutions for Remote Locations\n		E.6 Systems with Electrical Enhancements\n	Appendix F. Technologies Database\n		F.1 Electrical System\n			F.1.1 CHP and Condensing Power Plants\n				F.1.1.1 Gas Turbine Combined Cycle\n				F.1.1.2 Biomass CHP\n				F.1.1.3 Wood Chips CHP (Tables F.12, F.13, F.14, and F.15 and Figs. F.9, F.10, and F.11)\n				F.1.1.4 Wood Pellets CHP (Tables F.16, F.17, F.18, and F.19)\n				F.1.1.5 Straw CHP (Table F.20, F.21, F.22, and F.23)\n				F.1.1.6 Waste CHP\n			F.1.2 Electricity Storage\n				F.1.2.1 Electric Batteries\n				F.1.2.2 Pumped Hydro Storage\n			F.1.3 Electric Network\n				F.1.3.1 Electric Transmission Network\n				F.1.3.2 Electric Distribution Network\n				F.1.3.3 Microgrid\n			F.1.4 Renewable Energy\n				F.1.4.1 Solar PV\n				F.1.4.2 Fuel Cells\n			F.1.5 Resiliency\n				F.1.5.1 Emergency Generators\n				F.1.5.2 UPS\n				F.1.5.3 Emergency Power System\n				F.1.5.4 Reliability Technology Data\n				F.1.5.5 Underground Cables\n				F.1.5.6 Peak and Spare Capacity\n				F.1.5.7 Smart Consumers\n		F.2 District Heating System\n			F.2.1 Boiler Plants\n				F.2.1.1 Electric Heat Pump\n				F.2.1.2 Electric Chiller\n			F.2.2 Heat Storage\n				F.2.2.1 Hot Water Tanks (Pressureless)\n				F.2.2.2 Hot Water Tanks (Pressurized)\n				F.2.2.3 Pit Thermal Energy Storage\n			F.2.3 Renewable Energy\n				F.2.3.1 Solar Heating\n			F.2.4 District Heating Network\n				F.2.4.1 Capacities and Losses (Tables F.80, F.81, F.82, F.83, and F.84)\n				F.2.4.2 Prices (Table F.85 and Fig. F.58)\n				F.2.4.3 Hydraulic Network Analysis\n				F.2.4.4 Pre-insulated Pipes\n				F.2.4.5 Steam Pipes (Table F.86)\n			F.2.5 HVAC\n				F.2.5.1 Heat Exchangers (Building Level)\n				F.2.5.2 Ventilation with Heat Recovery\n				F.2.5.3 Hydronic Balancing\n			F.2.6 Control\n				F.2.6.1 Heat Exchanger Stations\n				F.2.6.2 Pressure Sectioning\n				F.2.6.3 Pressure Regulator\n				F.2.6.4 SCADA Systems\n			F.2.7 Resiliency\n				F.2.7.1 From Steam to Hot Water\n				F.2.7.2 Heat Production Capacity and Backup Boilers\n				F.2.7.3 Heat Storage Facilities\n				F.2.7.4 Fuel Flexibility\n				F.2.7.5 District Heating Network\n			F.2.8 Cold Storage\n			F.2.9 District Cooling Network\n				F.2.9.1 Capacities and Losses (Tables F.93, F.94, F.95, F.96, F.97, F.98, and F.99)\n				F.2.9.2 PEX Pipes\n			F.2.10 Resiliency\n				F.2.10.1 Production Capacity and Backup Chillers\n				F.2.10.2 Chilled Water Storage Facilities\n				F.2.10.3 Brown and Blackouts in Warm Countries\n		F.3 Natural Gas System\n			F.3.1 Biogas Plant\n			F.3.2 Gas Storage\n				F.3.2.1 Subsurface Gas Storage\n			F.3.3 Natural Gas Network\n				F.3.3.1 Natural Gas Distribution\n				F.3.3.2 Biogas Networks\n				F.3.3.3 Hydrogen Networks\n			F.3.4 Flood Control\n			F.3.5 Nonstructural Methods for Flood Damage Mitigation\n				F.3.5.1 Dry and Wet Floodproofing\n			F.3.6 Tunnels\n			F.3.7 Digitalization\n			F.3.8 Space for Underground Infrastructure\n	Appendix G. Renewable Energy Analysis: Geospatial Analysis and Maps (United States)\n		G.1 Executive Summary\n		G.2 Background\n		G.3 Renewable Energy Resources\n		G.4 Per Unit Analysis\n		G.5 Annual Energy Delivery\n		G.6 Energy Storage\n		G.7 Initial Cost\n		G.8 Operation and Maintenance Cost\n		G.9 Fuel Use and Conventional Fuel Savings\n		G.10 Present Worth Factor (PWF)\n		G.11 Levelized Cost of Energy Calculation\n		G.12 Results\n		G.13 Conclusions\n	Appendix H. ERIN User’s Guide\n		H.1 Introduction\n		H.2 Simulation Overview\n		H.3 Concept Overview\n			H.3.1 Flows\n			H.3.2 Components and Ports\n			H.3.3 Component Types\n				H.3.3.1 Component Type: Load\n				H.3.3.2 Component Type: Source\n				H.3.3.3 Component Type: Uncontrolled Source\n				H.3.3.4 Component Type: Converter\n				H.3.3.5 Component Type: Storage\n				H.3.3.6 Component Type: Pass-Through\n				H.3.3.7 Component Type: Muxer\n				H.3.3.8 Component Type: Mover\n			H.3.4 Networks and Connections\n			H.3.5 Scenarios\n			H.3.6 Reliability: Failure Modes and Statistical Distributions\n			H.3.7 Resilience: Intensities (Damage Metrics) and Fragility Curves\n		H.4 Input File Format\n		H.5 Output Metrics\n		H.6 Command-Line Tool\n			H.6.1 e2rin\n			H.6.2 e2rin_multi\n			H.6.3 e2rin_graph\n		H.7 Microsoft Excel® User Interface\n			H.7.1 Software Dependency: Modelkit/Params Framework\n			H.7.2 Additional Concept: Location\n			H.7.3 Additional Concept: Network Link\n			H.7.4 Interface Overview\n		H.8 Example Problem\n			H.8.1 Text Input File\n			H.8.2 Excel User Interface\n	Appendix I. EMP Implementation Using ESPC\n		I.1 Exemplary Impacts of an ESPC Project on the LCCA and NPV Calculation for Communities\n		I.2 Sample Cash Flow for an ESPC\n		I.3 Major Barriers for EMP Implementation Using ESPC and UESC\n			I.3.1 Operations and Maintenance\n			I.3.2 MILCON\n			I.3.3 Utilities Privatization in DoD\nReferences