Energy Internet: Systems and Applications

Contents
Part I Architecture and Design of Energy Internet
1 Foundation and Background for Energy Internet Simulation
	1.1 Concept, Components, Structure and Characteristics of the Energy Internet
		1.1.1 Concept and Main Body of the Energy Internet
		1.1.2 Backbone and Main Components of a Typical Energy Internet
		1.1.3 Basic Structure of the Energy Internet
		1.1.4 Technical Characteristics
	1.2 Importance and Application of System Simulation
		1.2.1 Necessity of Dynamic Simulation
		1.2.2 Application Scenarios
		1.2.3 Foundation of an Energy Internet Dynamic Simulation
	1.3 Conclusion
	References
2 Modelling, Simulation and Analysis
	2.1 Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of Quasi-steady-State and Long-Term Issues of the Energy Internet
		2.1.1 Introduction
		2.1.2 Elements of Integrated Energy Systems
		2.1.3 Component Characteristics
		2.1.4 Time Resolution
		2.1.5 Boundary Conditions and System Properties
		2.1.6 Sensors, Data and Accuracy
	2.2 Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of Dynamics and Transients in the Energy Internet
		2.2.1 Modelling of Conventional Power Equipment and Units
		2.2.2 Modelling of Long Dynamics
		2.2.3 Modelling of Networks
		2.2.4 Multi-mode and Phased Evolution Hybrid Simulation Framework
	2.3 Software Suites/Tools for Energy System Simulation
		2.3.1 Overview of Energy System Dynamic Simulation Software
		2.3.2 Software Suites or Tools for Electrical Energy Simulation
		2.3.3 Software Suites or Tools for Non-electrical Energy Simulation
		2.3.4 Multi-energy Real-Time Simulation System (MERTS)
		2.3.5 Tools for Steady-State and Long-Term Simulation
	2.4 Test and Application Examples Based on a Park Energy Internet
		2.4.1 Component Model Testing
		2.4.2 Examples of Dynamics of Energy Internet Systems
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Cyber-Physical System Security
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Security of Components in Cyber-Physical Systems
	3.3 Multiple Uncertainties in Cyber-Physical System Operation
		3.3.1 Cyber Attacks and Corresponding Mitigation Strategies
		3.3.2 Volatility of Energy Sources and Stochastic Energy Consumption
	3.4 Correlation and Cascading Failures in Cyber-Physical Systems
	3.5 Challenges in Cyber-Physical System Security
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
4 Early Experience of the Energy Internet: A Review of Demonstrations and Pilot Applications in Europe
	4.1 The Development of the Energy Internet
	4.2 An Overview of EI Demonstrations in Europe: Status and Categorization
	4.3 Demonstrations and Pilot Applications of the EI in Europe: A Review of Selected EI Projects
		4.3.1 The E-Energy Programme in Germany
		4.3.2 EnergyLab Nordhavn in Denmark
		4.3.3 Decentralized Energy Control, Trading and Management Platforms
		4.3.4 The Digitization of District Heating in Aarhus
		4.3.5 A List of EI Demonstrations and Applications in Europe
	4.4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Part II Energy Switching and Routing for Energy Internet
5 Modified P&O Approach Based Detection of the Optimal Power-Speed Curve for MPPT of Wind Turbines
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Model
	5.3 Proposed Optimal Power-Speed Curve Detection Method
		5.3.1 Recording Operating Data
		5.3.2 Detection of the OPSC
		5.3.3 Wind Speed Estimation
	5.4 Simulation Test
	5.5 Experimental Test
		5.5.1 Experimental Platform
	5.6 Results
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
6 Flexible Substation and Its Demonstration Project
	6.1 Overview
		6.1.1 Background
		6.1.2 Development of Substations
		6.1.3 Comparisons
		6.1.4 System Structure
		6.1.5 Topology of the Main Circuit of PETs
	6.2 Overall Introduction
		6.2.1 Project Background
		6.2.2 System Proposal
	6.3 Controls and Protections of Flexible Substations
		6.3.1 Controls of Flexible Substations
		6.3.2 Protections of Flexible Substations
	6.4 Core Equipment of Flexible Substations
		6.4.1 Valve Tower
		6.4.2 Module
		6.4.3 High-Frequency Transformer
	6.5 RTDS Test of Flexible Substation
		6.5.1 Building of Testing System
		6.5.2 Testing of Control Functions
	6.6 Site Test and Operation of Flexible Substation
		6.6.1 Startup for Operation of Flexible Substation
		6.6.2 Fault Ride-Through Operation of Flexible Substation
		6.6.3 PV Station Flexible Substation Operating in Grid-Connected Mode
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7 Energy “Routers”, “Computers” and “Protocols”
	7.1 Definition
		7.1.1 Definition of Energy Router
		7.1.2 Energy Internet and Energy Router
	7.2 Research Progress on Energy Routers
		7.2.1 Current Research Status
		7.2.2 Routing Decisions
		7.2.3 Electrical Structure
	7.3 Key Technologies
		7.3.1 Physical Layer
		7.3.2 Information Layer
	7.4 Autonomous Microgrid Energy Router Prototype
		7.4.1 Overall Functional Design and Energy Routing Algorithm
		7.4.2 Research on Open Interface, Interconnection Standards and Source-Load Flexible Connection Technology in the Energy Internet
		7.4.3 Research on Adaptation Technology for Electric Load Demand and Bidirectional Prediction of Renewable Energy Generation
	7.5 Future Prospects for the Development of Energy Routers
		7.5.1 Open and Plug-and-Play Energy Exchange and Routing
		7.5.2 Support for Multi-channel Scalable Renewable Energy Sources and Dynamic Load Integration
		7.5.3 Solving Instantaneous Balanced Energy Internet Energy Management Issues
		7.5.4 Realizing the Integration of Information-Energy Infrastructure
	References
8 Two-Stage Optimization Strategies for Integrating Electric Vehicles in the Energy Internet
	8.1 Current State of the Electric Power Industry
		8.1.1 Rise in Renewable Energies
		8.1.2 Rise in Electric Vehicles
		8.1.3 Charging and Swapping Stations
		8.1.4 Swapping Station Business Strategies
	8.2 Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization
		8.2.1 Overview
		8.2.2 Optimization with Recourse
		8.2.3 Bilevel Optimization
		8.2.4 Karush–Kuhn–Tucker Optimality Conditions
	8.3 Battery Swapping Station with Power Limit Strategies
		8.3.1 Power Limits in Optimization with Recourse
		8.3.2 Power Limits in Bilevel Optimization
	8.4 Optimization with Recourse Formulation
	8.5 Optimization with Recourse Scenario Analysis
		8.5.1 Power Limit Environment
		8.5.2 Threshold Curtailment
		8.5.3 Renewable Energy Curtailment
	8.6 Bilevel Optimization Formulation
	8.7 Bilevel Optimization Scenario Analysis
		8.7.1 Test System
		8.7.2 Network Constraints
		8.7.3 Power Source Changes
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
Part III Information and Communication for Energy Internet
9 Key Data-Driven Technologies in the Energy Internet
	9.1 Introduction of Energy Internet Monitoring and Measurement System Architecture
		9.1.1 Introduction to Monitoring and Measurement Systems
		9.1.2 AMI System Architecture
	9.2 Data Acquisition Technology in the Energy Internet
		9.2.1 Multi-energy Acquisition Terminal Technology
		9.2.2 Smart Meter Technology
		9.2.3 Synchronous Phasor Measurement Technology
		9.2.4 Wide-Area Measurement System
	9.3 Data Transfer Technology in the Energy Internet
		9.3.1 Perception Layer Communication Technology
		9.3.2 Network Layer Communication Technology
		9.3.3 Application Layer Protocol and Standard
		9.3.4 Energy Router Technology
	9.4 Data Processing Technology in the Energy Internet
		9.4.1 Big Data Analysis Technology
		9.4.2 Data Fusion Technology
	9.5 Information Security in Monitoring and Measurement Systems
		9.5.1 Information Security Requirements
		9.5.2 Information Security Countermeasures
	9.6 Application Case Analysis
		9.6.1 Energy Internet in a Smart Park
		9.6.2 Security Protection Analysis of Park Power Consumption Information Collection System
	References
10 Utilization of Big Data in Energy Internet Infrastructure
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Architecture of Big Data
		10.2.1 The Architecture of Big Data
		10.2.2 Implementing Big Data in the Energy Internet
	10.3 Big Data Analytics Methods
		10.3.1 Supervised Learning
		10.3.2 Unsupervised Learning
		10.3.3 Deep Learning
		10.3.4 Ensemble Learning
	10.4 Big Data Platforms
		10.4.1 Real-Time and Offline Analysis
		10.4.2 Open-Source Big Data Tools
	10.5 Open Challenges for Utilizing Big Data in the Energy Internet
		10.5.1 Data Throughput
		10.5.2 Data Privacy and Security
		10.5.3 Data Storage
		10.5.4 Data Stream Processing
		10.5.5 Data Opening
	10.6 Summary
	References
11 Artificial Intelligence Models Used for Prediction in the Energy Internet
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Motivation for Applying AI in the Energy Internet
	11.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques
		11.3.1 Machine Learning Models
		11.3.2 Deep Learning Models
		11.3.3 Advantages of AI in the Energy Internet
	11.4 Electricity Prediction Challenges and Influential Factors
		11.4.1 Challenges
		11.4.2 Factors Affecting Prediction
	11.5 Implementation of Neural Networks
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
Part IV Energy Management Systems for Energy Internet
12 Multiple Source-Load-Storage Cooperative Optimization of Energy Management for Energy Local Area Network Systems
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 System Optimization Model
		12.2.1 Structure Model
		12.2.2 Mathematical Model
		12.2.3 Optimization Strategies
	12.3 Model Solution and Results Analysis
		12.3.1 Test System and Parameter Configuration
	12.4 Optimization Scheme of Test System
		12.4.1 Optimization Results of Different Schemes
		12.4.2 Optimization Results Based on Optimal Strategy
	12.5 Conclusions
	References
13 Power Quality and Power Experience
	13.1 Introduction to Power Quality Problems
		13.1.1 The Related Concepts and Research Significance of Power Quality
		13.1.2 The Categories of Power Quality Problems
		13.1.3 Macroscopic and Microscopic Problems of Power Quality
	13.2 General Rules of Power Quality Management in the Energy Internet
		13.2.1 Standardization
		13.2.2 Integration
		13.2.3 Customization
		13.2.4 Differentiation
	13.3 Investigation monitoring and analysis of power quality in the Energy Internet
		13.3.1 Basic Functions of Energy Internet Power Quality Monitoring
		13.3.2 Basic Form of Power Quality Observation Network
		13.3.3 Power Quality Monitoring for the Energy Internet
		13.3.4 Advanced Power Quality Analysis for the Energy Internet
	13.4 Device Development for Power Quality Control
	13.5 Effect Evaluation of Power Quality Control
		13.5.1 Single Assessment of Power Quality
		13.5.2 Synthetic Estimation of Power Quality
	13.6 Conclusions
	References
14 Power Restoration Approach for Resilient Active Distribution Networks in the Presence of a Large-Scale Power Blackout
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Formulation and Solution
		14.2.1 Strategy of DG Start-Up
		14.2.2 Parallel Power Supply Restoration
		14.2.3 Formulation and Implementation
	14.3 DG Uncertainty Characterization Using the HMM Method
	14.4 Performance Assessment and Simulation Results
		14.4.1 Experiment 1: Large-Scale Fault Restoration
		14.4.2 Experiment 2: Large-Scale Faults with Different DG Penetration Rates
		14.4.3 Experiment 3: Large-Scale Faults with Different BDG/NBDG Proportions
	14.5 Conclusions and Remarks
	References
15 Internet Thinking for Layered Energy Infrastructure
	15.1 Internet Thinking and Technology in Energy Infrastructure
		15.1.1 Introduction of Energy System Infrastructure
		15.1.2 The Internet-Styled Next Generation of Energy Systems
		15.1.3 Typical Scenario Analysis
		15.1.4 A Summary of the Infrastructure Level
	15.2 Internet Thinking and Technology in Cyber-Physical Systems
		15.2.1 Introduction of Information-Physics Fusion
		15.2.2 Interaction Between Energy and Information in the Energy Internet
		15.2.3 Typical Energy Internet Information Service Mode
		15.2.4 Summary of the Information Level
	15.3 Internet Thinking and Applications in the Energy Internet
		15.3.1 Future Typical Energy Internet Applications
		15.3.2 Characteristics of Internet-Based Energy Applications
		15.3.3 Typical Scenarios of the Energy Internet
		15.3.4 Summary of the Application Level
	15.4 Internet Thinking in the Business Model of the Energy Internet
		15.4.1 Introduction of a New Business Model Under Internet Thinking
		15.4.2 The Embodiment of Internet Thinking in the Business Mode of the Energy Internet
		15.4.3 A Summary of the Business Model
	15.5 The Development of the Energy Internet System
		15.5.1 The Development of the Internet
		15.5.2 Future Evolution of the Energy Internet
		15.5.3 A Summary of the System and Mechanism Level
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
Index