Energy Harvesting Trends for Low Power Compact Electronic Devices (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)

Editor´s Note
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Material and Component Selection for Efficient Energy Harvesting
	1 Introduction
	2 Component/Material Selection
		2.1 RF Energy
		2.2 Acoustic Energy
		2.3 Piezo-Energy
		2.4 Mechanical Energy
		2.5 Fluid Energy
		2.6 Light Energy
		2.7 Thermal Energy
	3 Summary
	References
Piezo-energy Harvesting and Application Prospects
	1 Introduction
	2 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (PEH)
		2.1 Piezoelectric Effect
		2.2 Mechanism
		2.3 Mechanical Energy Harvester
	3 Piezoelectric Materials
		3.1 Piezoelectric Single Crystals
		3.2 Piezoelectric Ceramics
		3.3 Piezoelectric Polymers
		3.4 Composites
	4 Applications
	5 Summary and Future Perspective
	References
Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells for Energy Harvesting
	1 Introduction
	2 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides: Material Preparation and Structural Properties
	3 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides on Dye-Sensitized Solar Application
		3.1 Photoanodes
		3.2 Cathode (Counter Electrode)
	4 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides on Perovskite Solar Application
		4.1 Influence of g-C3N4 Bulk or C3N4 Quantum Dots Structural Modification on the Measure of Inverted BHJ-Perovskite Solar Cells
		4.2 Photovoltaic Performance
	5 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Biomedical Devices Adopting Energy-Harvesting Schemes
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods of Energy Harvesting and Its Sources
		2.1 Mechanical Energy Harvesting
		2.2 Kinetic or Vibration Energy
		2.3 Piezoelectric Effect
		2.4 Electrostatic Energy
		2.5 Magnetic Induction Generator
	3 Thermal Energy
		3.1 Energy-Harvesting Sources in the Human Body
		3.2 Thermal Energy Harvesting
	4 Biochemical Energy Harvesting
	5 Implementation of Energy Management in Biosensor
	6 Requirements of Biosensor
	7 Power Autonomy
	8 Strategies for Harvesting Energy in the Human Body
		8.1 Wearable Techniques of Energy Harvesting
		8.2 Implantable Biosensor Devices
	9 Conclusion and Future Technology
	References
A Dual-Band RF Energy Harvesting System in Sub-6 GHz for Low-Power Electronic Appliances
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Evolution of Presented Dual-Band RFEH System
		2.1 Single-Unit Diamond Slotted Antenna
		2.2 Development of Four-Port Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna
		2.3 Development of Four-Port Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna with DN
	3 Results and Discussion of Printed Four-Port MIMO with DN
		3.1 Return Loss and Mutual Coupling Coefficients
		3.2 Radiation Characteristics
		3.3 Gain and Efficiency Characteristics
		3.4 Diversity Analysis of Printed MIMO
	4 Rectifier Design
	5 Rectifier Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Energy Harvesting Systems for Agricultural Needs
	1 Introduction
	2 Energy in Production Agriculture
		2.1 Direct Energy Sources
		2.2 Utilization of Electric Energy in Agriculture
	3 Smart Farming
	4 Pathways of Energy Supply in Advance Agriculture
		4.1 Main Power Supply
		4.2 Power Supply Through Battery and Super-Capacitors
		4.3 Energy Harvesting Systems for AI and IoT Devices
			4.3.1 Basic Parts of an Energy Harvesting System
	5 Energy Generation Systems for Main Power Supply
		5.1 Solar Energy Harvesting Through Solar Photovoltaic Technology
			5.1.1 Agri-Voltaic Systems
		5.2 Biomass Energy Harvesting System
			5.2.1 Types of Biomass Available from Agriculture
			5.2.2 Crop Residue Availability
			5.2.3 Biomass Gasification and Power Generation
			5.2.4 Biogas-Based Power Generation
		5.3 Small Hydro Energy Harvesting Systems
		5.4 Solar Heat Pump
		5.5 Fuel Cells
			5.5.1 Alkaline Fuel Cell
			5.5.2 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
			5.5.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
			5.5.4 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell
			5.5.5 Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
			5.5.6 Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
	6 Types of Energy Harvesting Technologies for Agricultural Application
		6.1 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
			6.1.1 Piezoelectric Animal/Human Motion Energy Harvesting
			6.1.2 Energy Generation from Animal Body
		6.2 Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting
		6.3 Electrostatic Energy Harvesting
			6.3.1 Animal Monitoring Using a Combination of Triboelectric and Electrostatic Converter for Biomechanical Energy Harvesting
			6.3.2 Precision Planters or Speeders
		6.4 Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting System (EEHS)
			6.4.1 Sensor-Based Automated Agricultural Machineries
			6.4.2 Energy Harvesting from the Motion of Animals
			6.4.3 Electromagnetic Wind Energy Harvester
		6.5 Pyroelectric Energy Harvesting
			6.5.1 Pyroelectric System Application in Agricultural Machinery Waste Heat Energy Harvesting
			6.5.2 Pyroelectric System Application for Postharvest Monitoring
			6.5.3 Pyroelectric Energy Harvesting from Agro-Produce Processing Operation
		6.6 Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvester
			6.6.1 RF Energy Harvester for Pest Detection and Monitoring
	7 Different Energy Sources Available from Agriculture for Energy Harvesting
	8 Application of Energy Harvesting Systems in Smart Agriculture
		8.1 Precision Farming
		8.2 Solar Energy-Powered IoT-Based Irrigation Scheduling
		8.3 Solar-Based Agricultural Robots
		8.4 Energy Harvesting Systems and Remote Sensing
	9 Conclusions
	References
Challenges and Opportunities for Green Energy Harvesting in Sustainable IoT Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Exigency for Energy Harvesting Techniques in IoT and WSN Environment
		2.1 Energy Harvesting Technique and Its Primary Architectures
	3 Major Roots for Energy Harvesters
	4 Ambient Energy Sources
		4.1 Solar Power Harvesters
		4.2 Thermal and Kinetic Energy Harvesters
		4.3 RF Energy Harvesters
	5 Mechanical Energy Sources
	6 Human Energy Harvesters
	7 Biomechanical Energy Harvesters
	8 Bioenergy Sources
	9 Hybrid Energy Harvesters
	10 Energy Harvesting Models vs Consumption Models
		10.1 Energy Harvesting Models
		10.2 Consumption Models
	11 Edge IoT and IoT Devices
		11.1 IoT Energy Harvesting Requirements
	12 Constraints and Potentials of Energy Collecting Technology
		12.1 Constraints
		12.2 Potentials
	13 Energy Harvesting Requirements
	14 Applications in Socioeconomics
		14.1 Advantages for Basic Industries
		14.2 Advantages for the Defense
		14.3 Benefits to the Transportation Sector
		14.4 Benefits of Residential and Business Properties
	15 IoT Energy Sources´ Features
	16 Energy Harvesting Merits and Demerits
	17 Conclusion
	References
Microalgae Harvesting Strategies for Biofuel Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Microalgae for Biofuel Production
		2.1 Applicability of Microalgae for Biofuel
			2.1.1 Microalgae
			2.1.2 Benefits of Using Microalgae for Biofuel Production
			2.1.3 Microalgae Lipid Content and Productivities
			2.1.4 Differences Between Petro Diesel and Algae Biodiesel Attributes
	3 Microalgae Cultivation Systems
	4 Harvesting Strategies
		4.1 Centrifugation
		4.2 Coagulation and Flocculation
		4.3 Electrochemical Methods
		4.4 Gravity Sedimentation
		4.5 Filtration
	5 Conclusion
	References
Energy Harvesting Scheme Using Queuing Theory for Wireless Body Area Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Architecture of WBAN
	4 Proposed Methodology
	5 Modeling of WBAN Using Queuing Theory
	6 Results And Discussion
	7 Conclusion and Future Enhancement
	References
Mechanical Energy Harvesting Scheme, Implementation Aspects, and Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Energy Source
		2.1 Radio Frequency Source
		2.2 Thermal Energy Source
		2.3 Mechanical Energy Source
	3 Transduction Mechanism for Mechanical Energy Harvesting
		3.1 Piezoelectric
		3.2 Geometry of Transducers
		3.3 Electrostatics
	4 Applications
	5 Summary
	References
Energy Harvesting Techniques and Trends in Electronic Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Energy Harvesting and Applications
		2.1 Wind Energy Harvesting
		2.2 Harvesting Solar Energy
		2.3 Energy Harvesting from Fluid Currents
		2.4 Energy Harvesting from Acoustic Signals
		2.5 Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting
		2.6 Piezoelectric Energy Generation
		2.7 Mechanical Energy Harvesting
		2.8 Energy Harvesting from Light
		2.9 Extraction of Thermal Energy
	3 Comparative Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
Index